Children in Kenya and the US are averse toepistemicinjustice.

Decisions represent choices between two or more options. NCLT uses a sequential sampling model for multiattribute binary choice options, called multiattribute attention switching (MAAS) model as the basis of its understanding of reward valuation. When a person is confronted by making a choice between two or more stimuli, this model assumes a separate sampling process for each attribute of each of the available choices. Decisions are not isolated instances. Their effects compound, one upon the other. These compounded choices not only build upon each other; they act interdependently with other contextually relevant decisions resulting in a complex web of interconnected patterns of actions and emotional responses. These networks of decisions are developed to take us to various outcomes. These outcomes include patterns of behavior and patterns of emotional responses. These decision-making processes may reflect options between two solely independent neutral stimuli or reflect choices made between stimuli that have produced visceral responses to their appearance. Some decisions are practiced so much that they become automatic, we do them without having to think about them. This is a critical point. Decisions require cognitive effort and the goal of most human thinking is to preserve limited cognitive effort capacity for critical and novel situations.

The purpose of this study is (1) to analyze how the type of thinking style of UNILA new students in 2021. (2) to analyze how the type of emotional response of UNILA freshmen in 2021. (3) to analyze the types of communication patterns of UNILA new students in 2021. Research this was carried out simultaneously with the moment of orientation for new students at the University of Lampung in 2021. Descriptive quantitative research methods were used in this study. The subjects in this study were 5,065 new UNILA students in 2021. The survey method was used in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis using the SPSS version 22 application tool. The researcher found that (1) the majority of new students (43.3%) had a reflection type of thinking style. (2) the majority of new students (38.7%) had emotional response pattern with empathic type. (3) the majority of new students (43.4%) have a patterned communication pattern.

Relationships between temperament dimensions in personality and unconscious emotional responses

We, the Editors and Publisher of Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, have retracted the following article: Vikas Kumar, J.K. Nayak, Examining the relationship between patterns of emotional responses,satisfaction, and loyalty. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research (2015). The reason for retraction is significant similarity to the following previously published source: Sameer Hosany, Girish Prayag (2015) Patterns of tourists’ emotional responses, satisfaction, and intention to recommend, Journal of Business Research, 66.6; pages 730-737. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrityand the Committee on Publishing Ethics (COPE) guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally

This study suggests an approach for the computational modeling of players’ emotional response patterns to story events in video games. We propose what is termed the dynamic narrative emotion model for analyzing the emotional response patterns of video game players by combining and reconstructing the OCC cognitive emotion model and D. Price's emotional intensity equation. Based on this model, we compared with two emotional response patterns of players to story events in both commercially successful and unsuccessful video games. The analysis was conducted with 360 emotional response values extracted from the playing experiences of 10 player’s. The results showed that responses from commercially successful games are 3.3 times higher in terms of the frequency of emotion transitions, 1.3 times in terms of the number of emotion types, and twice as high in terms of the distance of an emotion transition compared to those of unsuccessful games. The results of this study can be applied by game designers with two implications for creating story-driven video games; first, to differentiate the emotional responses patterns of players in successful games from unsuccessful games, and second, to develop emotional transition strategies when designing story events in accordance with feedback from the players’ emotional response patterns while playing the games.

Psychological and physiological responses during an exam and their relation to personality characteristics.

We investigated the emotional response patterns and sense of presence elicited by video games with different characteristics (i.e., Tetris, Super Monkey Ball 2, Monkey Bowling 2, and James Bond 007: NightFire) among 37 undergraduates. We also examined the moderating influence of the sensation seeking and self-forgetfulness traits on the responses. Participants self-reported their emotional responses, defined in terms of joy, pleasant relaxation, anger, fear, and depressed feeling, and sense of presence. The results showed that games with different characteristics elicit differential emotional response patterns, and the engagement elicited by the games varies as a function of the Sensation Seeking trait of the player. Measuring emotional response patterns may have practical implications for game design, given that they give information on the game characteristics that maximize entertainment and pleasure, and may potentially be used in pre-testing different versions of the games.

Patterns of tourists' emotional responses, satisfaction, and intention to recommend

The current functional MRI study aimed to investigate how responders’ fairness considerations and related decision-making processes were affected by social support in the ultimatum game (UG). During scanning, responders either played the standard UG with proposers (control condition) or played the modified UG in which three unknown observers showed social support for responders by acknowledging proposers’ norm violation. Results revealed that participants reported higher unfairness feelings and rejection rates of unfair offers in the social support condition relative to the control condition. At the neural level, compared to the control condition, perception of social support from others induced greater activations of anterior cingulate gyrus and right anterior insula when receiving unfair (vs. fair) offers. The medial prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula were more active when the unfair offers were rejected (vs. accepted) in the social support condition than the control condition. These results highlighted the modulation effect of social support on responders’ fairness considerations and related decision-making processes.

Patterns of emotional experience in schizophrenia: Differences in emotional response to visual stimuli are associated with clinical presentation and functional outcome

Purpose Most tipping studies from actual field settings have been conducted in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, typically in the United States. Because tipping practices are culturally contingent, the current research sought test the applicability of former findings in a different cultural context. To this end, we examined the replicability of US-based tipping studies in the majority world – where most people live – through three conceptual replications conducted in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach We carried out three field experiments (Ntotal = 694 dining parties corresponding to 1737 consumers) as conceptual replications of published US-based tipping studies. Dining parties either received a blank check or a check with (a) the words “Thank you” added, with or without the server’s name included (Study 1); (b) a “smiley” drawn (Study 2); or (c) the words “Wish you a sunny day” written (Study 3). Tip amount, tip percentage and tip likelihood were analyzed depending on the assigned condition of the dining parties. Findings Across studies, most dining parties engaged in tipping irrespective of treatment. However, compared to receiving a blank check, tip amounts and tip percentages significantly increased by receiving a check with (a) the words “Thank you” added, especially when the server’s name was included (Study 1); (b) a “smiley” drawn (Study 2); and (c) the words “Wish you a sunny day” written (Study 3). Tip percentages were considerably lower than those reported in former US-based studies. In fact, the conditions with the highest tip percentages in the current studies fell far below the conditions with the lowest tip percentages in the original studies (i.e. the control conditions), indicating cross-cultural variability in certain tipping tendencies. Research limitations/implications The present studies generalize prior results in a different cultural context. From a managerial viewpoint, this research attests to the robustness and replicability of seemingly subtle tipping strategies, documenting that small details can benefit servers and possibly also the restaurants in which they operate. Practical implications Managers in the service and hospitality sectors can use the results reported herein to train and educate their employees in ways that generate practically relevant and economically significant boosts in customers’ tip amounts and tip percentages. Originality/value Studies 1–3 replicate some of the main results from prior research in another part of the world, with different cultural values and norms. Importantly, however, some results clearly diverged from prior findings, suggesting that certain tipping tactics may be contextually sensitive and, hence, might not generalize from WEIRD societies to other cultures. Considering repeated calls for more generalizable theories, these results add nuance to the tipping literature.

Humans have a deeply rooted sense of fairness, but its emotional foundation in early ontogeny remains poorly understood. Here, we asked if and when 4- to 10-year-old children show negative social emotions, such as shame or guilt, in response to advantageous unfairness expressed through a lowered body posture (measured using a Kinect depth sensor imaging camera). We found that older, but not younger children, showed more negative emotions, i.e. a reduced upper body posture, after unintentionally disadvantaging a peer on (4,1) trials than in response to fair (1,1) outcomes between themselves and others. Younger children, in contrast, expressed more negative emotions in response to the fair (1,1) split than in response to advantageous inequity. No systematic pattern of children's emotional responses was found in a non-social context, in which children divided resources between themselves and a non-social container. Supporting individual difference analyses showed that older children in the social context expressed negative emotions in response to advantageous inequity without directly acting on this negative emotional response by rejecting an advantageously unfair offer proposed by an experimenter at the end of the study. These findings shed new light on the emotional foundation of the human sense of fairness and suggest that children's negative emotional response to advantageous unfairness developmentally precedes their rejection of advantageously unfair resource distributions.

Considering the application of a mixed reality context and consumer segmentation when evaluating emotional response to tea break snacks

This study was based upon the responses of 116 Taiwanese primary school children aged nine-ten years to a questionnaire concerning their emotional and motivational responses to mathematical problems. A cluster analysis revealed four distinct patterns of response, which were differentially related to attainment. These patterns of emotional response were subsequently investigated further with a smaller sample of children using a repertory grid technique and an associated interview. The four patterns were found to have differential characteristics and development processes in terms of emotional variables and preferred problem types. Emotion is an indispensable part of cognitive activities, such as mathematical problem-solving. Burton (1994) indicates that children as mathematicians often strive for progression and newness to enhance capacity, but also experience anxiety when confronted with the need to integrate new ideas with existing patterns of understanding. Mason, Burton and Stacey (1996) point out key moments in the problem-solving process, in which distinct emotional issues are likely to be raised, such as relief, excitement and confidence.

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>Exploration of the psychological factors of conflict-related action among Sundanese Muslim students in Indonesia. <br><strong>Background. </strong>Religious-based conflicts have been widely examined in various disciplines, attracting responses and factors in every cultural context. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>Study 1 used an indigenous-based survey and was analyzed by thematic analysis. Study 2 examined the role of political ideology and perceived injustice in conflict-related behavior using hierarchical regression analysis. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>Study 1: 224 people (35,7% of men, 64,3% of women) from 18 to 49 years old (<em>M </em>= 20,98; <em>SD</em> = 3,72). Study 2: 494 people (35,6% of men, 64,4% of women) from 17 to 49 years old (<em>M</em> = 20,00; <em>SD</em> = 1,52).<br><strong>Measurements. </strong>Indonesian-language versions of the scales of religious fundamentalism ideology by Muluk and colleagues, violent extremist attitude by Nivette and colleagues, nonviolent direct action by Brown and colleagues, and sensitivity to injustice by Schmitt and colleagues. <br><strong>Results. </strong>Study 1 showed specific patterns of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. There are differences in the respondents' responses to conflicts between and within religions. These differences are caused by ideology orientation towards religion and perception of injustice towards their groups. Study 2 confirmed Study 1 that religious fundamentalism predicts both violent and nonviolent behavior. Also, perceived injustice of victims moderates the effect of religious fundamentalism to violent behavior. Meanwhile, perceived injustice of perpetrators predicts only nonviolent behavior. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>There is a significant effect of religious-based ideology and perceived injustice on conflict-related behavior in the Sundanese Muslim context.</p>