Chemotaxonomic and enantiomeric analysis of essential oils from the leaves of eight eucalyptus species cultivated in Bali Botanical Garden

Bali Botanical Gardens as one of the government agencies that play a role in conservation, research, education, tourism, and environmental services, have a great responsibility for the conservation of biodiversity in Indonesia. Bali Botanical Gardens take website advantage of existing services to promote the service program in the field of conservation and environmental education as well as contributing to socialize about preserving the environment. Bali botanical gardens provide a variety of information with the submission that is easily understood by tourists who want to visit. Bali Botanical Gardens itself makes the website and facebook fan page as the promotion, reporting and socialize both in terms of reporting to support e-government and the most important is the focus in the field of environment, the conservation of nature, the introduction and utilization of research results and an introduction to the various types of Mountain crops to the public. In addition to the website and facebook fan page Bali Botanical Gardens also use TripAdvisor know the feedback from the community after a visit to the Bali Botanical Gardens.

Bali Botanic Garden has becoming one of the botanic gardens in the world that has quite complete Begonias collection. Up to now (Sept 2007) its Begonias collection consists of 215 species, comprise of 70 species of wild Begonias (originated in Indonesia) and 145 species of exotic Begonias. Some aspects of research has been done and one of them is the reproductive biology. This research is aimed to gather information about Begonia’s life cycle and also to know about the natural obstacle that cause the wild Begonias failure in forming their seeds. Final result of this research is the important informations that are useful for breeding and seed’s banking. Flowering observation were done everyday towards the 22 species of wild Begonias that are planted in Bali Botanic Garden during 2006. Data collection were done qualitatively by counting the amount of flowers that appeared. Results showed that flowering period of 22 species wild Begonias canbe grouped as : Flowering troughout the year group; Seasonal Floweing group; Rare Flowering group; Not Flowering or has not flowering Begonias group; Not all Begonias that floweing are capable to form fruits and seeds© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Flowering Period, Begonia, Bali Botanic Garden

Positioning of Eco Tourism Objects in Bali Indonesia

Ecotourism attractions in this study include: (1) Bali Marine Park, (2) Bali Elephant Safari Park, (3) Bali Barat (West Bali) National Park, (4) Bali Butterfly Park, (5) Bali Reptile Park, (6) Sangeh Monkey Forest, (7) Ubud Botanic Garden, and (8) Bali Botanic Garden based on the attributes of “facility, attractiveness, accessibility, and service”. This study utilized quantitative method, specifically exploratory research method and conclusive research method based on previous research and existing theories, in order to achieve the research objectvies with the goal to generate new findings. Based on multidimensional scaling analysis, the perception of Bali Botanic Garden is similar to that of Sangeh Monkey Forest and Bali Barat National Park. While not in the same category as Bali Botanic Garden, the similarity coordinate of Ubud Botanic Garden is so close that it is a considerable competitor to Bali Botanic Garden. The ecotourism attractions perceived to have similarities are Bali Butterfly Park and Ubud Botanic Garden. Another grouping based on similarity are Bali Marine Park and Bali Elephant Safari Park, whose similarity coordinates are quite distant from the other ecotourism attractions.

Botanical Garden as a Recreational Park: Balancing Economic Interest with Conservation

Ecotourism objects in this study include: (1) Bali Marine Park, (2) Bali Elephant Safari Park, (3) Bali Barat (West Bali) National Park, (4) Bali Butterfly Park, (5) Bali Reptile Park, (6) Sangeh Monkey Forest, (7) Ubud Botanic Garden, dan (8) Bali Botanic Garden based on the attributes of “facility, attractiveness, accessibility, and service”. This study utilized quantitative method, specifically exploratory research method and conclusive research method based on previous research and existing theories, in order to achieve the research objectives with the goal to generate new findings. Based on multidimensional scaling analysis, the perception of Bali Botanic Garden is similar to that of Sangeh Monkey Forest and Bali Barat National Park. While not in the same category as Bali Botanic Garden, the similarity coordinate of Ubud Botanic Garden is so close that it is a considerable competitor to Bali Botanic Garden. The ecotourism objects perceived to have similarities are Bali Butterfly Park and Ubud Botanic Garden. Another grouping based on similarity are Bali Marine Park and Bali Elephant Safari Park, whose similarity coordinates are quite distant from the other ecotourism objects.

This article examines the application of Tri Hita Karana (THK) values involving the harmonisation of conservation and culture at the Bali Botanic Garden, Tabanan, Bali. THK is an Hindu beliefs with three main harmonious concepts including harmony among people, harmony with the natural environment and harmony with God. Balinese recognise ecosystem-based nature management, as in the term Tri Mandala, three different level of spaces according to the purpose and benefits of parhyangan (holy place), palemahan (environment) and pawongan (human). These three spaces according to Balinese culture must be harmonious, balanced and preserved in order to support conservation efforts. Combined conservation efforts with cultural values is also a theme that has been utilized by the Bali Botanic Garden in building thematic collections, such as the collection of medicinal plants, traditional ceremonial plants, and ethnobotany artefacts. This collections insight into Balinese cultural conservation supports educational and tourism services at Bali Botanic Garden. The implementation of THK philosophy at Bali Botanic Garden has an important to improves resource efficiency, maintains relationships with the creators, conserves the environment and culture, and maintains harmony in reducing conflict, social imbalances and ensures the sustainability of regional development.

Etlingera elatior is widely used the member of Zingiberaceae. This study was conducted to documented the use of E. elatior in Bedugul, Bali and its conservation in Bali Botanic Garden. Description of E. elatior was conducted based on living plant collection in Bali Botanic Garden. E. elatior utilization data in Bedugul was collected by field observation; collected data was then qualitatively described. Results of the study showed that E. elatior use in Bedugul was limited as spices only. However, the potential use of E. elatior as an ornamental plant is viable since Bedugul is a popular tourist destination. Conservation of E. elatior in Bali Botanic Garden was traced back since 1984. There are four collection numbers of E. elatior which was placed in three spots within the garden.

Warseno T. 2015. Ex-situ conservation of some rare and critical plants species using in-vitro method in the Bali Botanic Garden. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1: 1075-1082. Overexploitation, habitat destruction, degradation of environmental quality, and loss of the habitat with the conversion of natural habitats into residential and industrial areas have an impact on the scarcity of certain types of plants; it can even lead to extinction. Plant conservation should be done to protect them from extinction using both insitu and ex-situ. Bali Botanical Garden as an institution engaged in ex-situ conservation has made conservation programs and in-vitro propagation of various types of rare and critical plants. This paper provides information on the types of plants that have been conserved and propagated using in vitro method in Bali Botanical Garden, the prospects, and the challenges. Based on retrieval information and collected data obtained it can be reported that since 2009-2015 8 genera and 14 species of plants have been conserved and propagated in vitro in the plant conservation laboratory in Bali Botanical Garden. These are (Rhododdendron radians, R. macgregoriae, R. javanicum R. reinschianum), Orchidaceae (Bulbophyllum echinolabium, Dendrobium fimbriatum, Dendrobium spectabile, Dendrobium macrophyllum, Paphiopedilum javanicum, Araceae (Alocasia baginda, Alocasia sp. nov.). and fern (Dicksonia blumei, Lygodium circinnatum and Cyathea contaminans). The comparison among the types of plants that have been conserved using in vitro method, the total number of collections is still very low such as (1.64% (orchid), 1.64% (fern), 13.79% (Rhododendron), and 2, 17% ( Araceae)).

Poaceae is one of the world’s most notable food plant families. As an ex-situ conservation site, Bali Botanic Garden (BBG) has collected numerous Poaceae species since 1982. Unfortunately, the study to documented the edibility of all Poaceae collections in BBG is still limited as previous studies regarding the garden Poaceae collection are focusing on bamboo and other limited species. Thus, this study aims to present a list of edible Poaceae species collected in the garden. As a result, there are 13 genera of Poaceae in BBG that were found to be edible, i.e. Bambusa, Coix, Cymbopogon, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, Imperata, Neololeba, Phyllostachys, Saccharum, Schizostachyum, Setaria, Thyrsostachys, and Thysanolaena. Most of them are bamboo which the shoot is consumed as cooked vegetables. However, other parts of the Poaceae plant species in this list are consumed as various dishes. In conclusion, BBG has been collected many edible Poaceae species which potentially support food security.

From the Bogor Botanic Garden, Bali Botanic Garden and Cibodas Botanic Garden in Indonesia, 293 medicinal plants were examined by photographing. From the Bogor Botanic Garden, 96 species in 50 families of plants were investigated. Among the medicinal plant region of this botanic garden, the most dominant family was Zingiberaceae with 12 species, followed by Acanthaceae with 7 species, Apocynaceae 5 species, Euphorbiaceae 5 species and Piperaceae 5 species. From Bali Botanic Garden, 185 species in 72 families of plants were studied. The most dominant families in the medicinal plant region of this botanic garden were Euphorbiaceae with 9 species and Zingiberaceae with 9 species, followed by Myrtaceae with 7 species and Malvaceae 5 species. From the Cibodas Botanic Garden, 12 species of medicinal plants were classsified.

Standing trees has a higher risk regarding structural damage that can cause trees or parts of trees to fail. Meanwhile, Bali Botanic Garden is located in a highland area that periodically gets natural disasters such as heavy wind. However, the information on tree stability is little known. Therefore, tree stability at Bali Botanic Garden was assessed using tree slenderness coefficient (SC) as an indicator. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for locations which highly visited. A total of 624 trees with dbh>40 cm were examined as samples. Trees were classified based on their SC as high (>80), moderate (SC:70-80), low (SC<70). Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlation analysis. Tree slenderness coefficient at Bali Botanic Garden classified as low (609 specimens), medium (11 specimens), and high (4 specimens). Trees with the high category were three individuals of Bischofia javanica Blume (SC=82.76, 83.69, and 89.63) and a Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. (SC=116.13). Trees with high SC had a higher susceptibility to wind-induced damage. There was a negative correlation between SC and others tree parameters except for tree height (r=0.44). Hence appropriate silvicultural treatment like thinning is recommended to enhance better tree development and minimize tree risk.

This book provides the description of collections of the living plants at “Eka Karya” Bali Botanic Garden, which has been updated every four or five years. This is the second edition of the previous publication, An Alphabetical List of Plant Species Cultivated in Bali Botanic Garden. In order to obtain a well-organized data collection, each plant collection was thoroughly observed and the data were synchronized with other supporting data, while the names of plant species have undergone a mixture of validation and verification activities, either by taxonomists or technicians. Thus, this catalogue is beneficial at providing the baseline data for multi-user, such as botanists, conservationists, researchers, scholars, stakeholders, students, and many more.

Ecotourism of Bali Botanical Garden, Bedugul, Tabanana Regency,&#x0D; Bali, has been able to increase the number of visitors from time to&#x0D; time though it is still far from the optimum level. In 2010-2011 the number of visitors at Bali Botanical Gardens was counted for 368.927 people. Based on the data, visitors interest to visit Bali&#x0D; Botanical Garden are still low. Facing this problem, integrated&#x0D; marketing communication strategy is needed.This paper discusses&#x0D; implementation of integrated marketing communication concept&#x0D; created by Philip Kotler to the market ecotourism at Bali Botanical&#x0D; Garden, by using case study for qualitative research.The results of&#x0D; this analysis show that implementing this concept made a better&#x0D; relationship between Bali Botanical Garden and its visitors, also&#x0D; increasing quantity of its visitors.

Psilotum nudum is an epiphytic fern belonging to the Family Psilotaceae. In Bali Botanic Garden, this plant grows on the stem of tree fern, but not all stands of tree fern become phorophytes for P. nudum. Studying P. nudum ecology in the Bali Botanic Garden is crucial in conservation efforts. The research was conducted in the Bali Botanic Garden area, using field observation methods on tree ferns located on the right and left of the main route of the garden. The data collected include tree fern species as hosts, the number of P. nudum individuals (clumps), P. nudum growing height and associated plants. The results showed that P. nudum was only found growing on one species of tree fern (phorophyte), Alsophila orientalis. Psilotum nudum is also associated with 43 species of plants. The most common plant species are Davalia denticulata (10.6%), Asplenium nidus (8.13%) and Dischidia sp. (6.91%). Host tree fern height has a weak but insignificant correlation with the number of P. nudum individuals (r = - 0.14, p = 0.5). The higher the Alsophila tree, the fewer P. nudum individuals were found. Host tree fern height was weakly correlated with the number of associated plant species (r= 0.24, p= 0.22). This data helps complete ecological data on collection plants that can be a reference in their development and cultivation efforts.