Abstract
Benzophenone derivatives are special metabolites that arouse great scientific interest. The Clusiaceae family is known for producing large amounts of benzophenone derivatives with several isoprene residues on their structures, which are responsible for the observed complexity and structural variety in this class of substances, and also contribute to their biological activities. Clusia is an important genus belonging to Clusiaceae, with 55 different polyisoprenylated benzophenones identified so far. These substances were analyzed from biosynthetic and chemosystematic points of view, allowing the determination of characteristics regarding their production, accumulation and distribution within this genus. Polyisoprenylated benzophenones found in Clusia showed a high prenylation degree, with 2 to 5 isoprene units and a greater occurrence in flowers and fruits. Section Cordylandra showed a very similar occurrence of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone derivatives and bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4,9-trione derivatives, the majority of them with 4 isoprene units. In section Anandrogyne there is a predominance of simple 2,4,6-trihydroxy-benzophenone derivatives, with 2 isoprene units, and in Chlamydoclusia predominates bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4,9-trione derivatives with 4 isoprene units. Although highly prenylated, these substances showed low oxidation indexes, which from an evolutionary perspective corroborates the fact that Clusiaceae is a family in transition, with some common aspects with both basal and derived botanical families.
Highlights
Clusiaceae Lindl. (=Guttiferae Juss.) is a botanical family of wide geographical distribution, with widespread occurrence in the tropics
By the time this work was being written 55 different polyisoprenylated benzophenones had been identified in species belonging to the genus Clusia
Polyisoprenylated benzophenones were identified in flowers, fruits, stems, branches and leaves of Clusia species
Summary
Clusiaceae Lindl. (=Guttiferae Juss.) is a botanical family of wide geographical distribution, with widespread occurrence in the tropics. (=Guttiferae Juss.) is a botanical family of wide geographical distribution, with widespread occurrence in the tropics. It is represented as hypertension (García-González and Matamoros 1998), cardiovascular disorders (Caballero-George et al 2001), headaches and syphilis (Barrios et al 1991), infant oral candidiasis (Barbosa and Pinto 2003), rheumatism (Sanz-Biset et al 2009), as painkillers and wound healers (Langenheim 2003). The species of Clusia have channel systems that cross plant tissues producing resinous latex, which varies in abundance, density and color. These variations are observed among species and among different organs of the same plant. Most of Clusia species are dioecious, with male and female flowers occurring on different individuals. This feature enhances the ecological importance of flower resins, since the bees collect this material to build nests and during this process perform pollination (Oliveira et al 1996, Porto et al 2000)
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