Abstract
During the formation of a glass-ceramic to metal seal with nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718, hydrogen bubble formation was observed in the glass-ceramic. This bubble formation was caused by the reaction of dissolved metals with adsorbed water, all of which are in the glass-ceramic. The dissolved metals are present in the glass from dissociation of the Inconel 718, and the water is present in the glass prior to seal formation. To inhibit bubble formation, the glass-ceramic was spiked with 1 wt % CuO. This spiking allowed competing reactions to occur, thus causing the formation of copper and/or Cu/sub 2/O in the glass-to-metal interface and reducing bubble formation. Spiking with 1 wt % Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ also inhibited bubble formation. Thermodynamic data suggest that hydrogen formation is responsible for bubbles in a wide variety of seal systems, including glass-to-metal seals in which the metal is or contains iron, manganese, chromium, niobium, titanium, or aluminum.
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