ChemInform Abstract: Two New 2‐Arylbenzofurans from the Stems of Nicotiana tabacum and Their Bioactivities.

Nicotine and its N-demethylation product nornicotine are two important alkaloids in Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco). Both nicotine and nornicotine have two stereoisomers that differ from each other at 2'-C position on the pyrrolidine ring. (S)-Nicotine is the predominant form in the tobacco leaf, whereas the (R)-enantiomer only accounts for ∼0.2% of the total nicotine pool. Despite considerable past efforts, a comprehensive understanding of the factors responsible for generating an elevated and variable enantiomer fraction of nornicotine (EF(nnic) of 0.04 to 0.75) from the consistently low EF observed for nicotine has been lacking. The objective of this study was to determine potential roles of enantioselective demethylation in the formation of the nornicotine EF. Recombinant CYP82E4, CYP82E5v2, and CYP82E10, three known tobacco nicotine demethylases, were expressed in yeast and assayed for their enantioselectivities in vitro. Recombinant CYP82E4, CYP82E5v2, and CYP82E10 demethylated (R)-nicotine 3-, 10-, and 10-fold faster than (S)-nicotine, respectively. The combined enantioselective properties of the three nicotine demethylases can reasonably account for the nornicotine composition observed in tobacco leaves, which was confirmed in planta. Collectively, our studies suggest that an enantioselective mechanism facilitates the maintenance of a reduced (R)-nicotine pool and, depending on the relative abundances of the three nicotine demethylase enzymes, can confer a high (R)-enantiomer percentage within the nornicotine fraction of the leaf.

Leaf samples were collected from 138 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants showing symptoms of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the north‐west Mediterranean region of Turkey. The samples were first tested by double antibody sandwich‐enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) using CMV specific polyclonal antibody. The DAS‐ELISA revealed that 53 of the 138 leaf samples tested were infected with CMV. One of the ELISA‐positive CMV isolates was mechanically inoculated into a set of indicator plants by conventional leaf inoculation method for further characterisation. The virus was multiplied and showed systemic symptoms in Nicotiana tabacum ’Xanthii’, Nicotiana tabacum ’Samsun NN’, and Capsicum annuum. Double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) was isolated from uninfected and infected N. tabacum ’Xanthii’ and C. annuum plants by CF‐11 cellulose chromatography. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that CMV‐specific dsRNA was present in infected N. tabacum ’Xanthii’, Nicotiana tabacum ’Samsun NN’, and C. annuum plants but not in healthy plant samples. This result agreed with the biological and serological findings and confirmed the presence of CMV on tomato growing in the northwest Mediterranean region of Turkey.

Green flies (Chrysomya bezziana) are flies that are common in Indonesia. This fly is a type of ectoparasite which acts as a bully. This fly began to be perceived as a threatening threat, not only in terms of health because of its habit of crowding in decaying waste and easily perched on food, but also in terms of aesthetics. Moreover, green flies (Chrysomya bezziana) also have the potential to cause myasis (maggots) in the eyes, nose, bones and other organs through wounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of fresh tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum) with tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) which were ovened at concentrations of 60%, 70%, and 80% against the death of green flies (Chrysomya bezziana). This research is experimental (true experiment) with Purposive Sampling techniques. The data analysis technique used was Kruskal Walli Death of Green Flies (Chrysomya bezziana) on tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) with a concentration of 60%, obtained a value of 41.46, a concentration of 70% with a value of 67.85, a concentration of 80% with a value of 82.25. In tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum) which has been concentrated with a concentration of 60% obtained a value of 58.33, a concentration of 70% with a value of 80.42, a concentration of 80% with a value. The results of the Kruskal Wallis test prove that tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum) that has been roasted is more effective in killing green flies (Chrysomya bezziana) compared with fresh tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum).

Cloning and Expression of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase (CDPK) Gene Family in Common Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum)

The protection performance Aloe vulgaris (AV) and Nicotiana tabacum (NT) leaf extracts on 1070 aluminum (Al) were separately studied while the combined admixture of the extracts (AVNT) on mild steel (MS) was also studied in 3.5% NaCl solution by gravimetric analysis. Data output showed AV and NT effectively stifled the redox reaction process responsible for Al corrosion in NaCl with protection performance data above 98% throughout the exposure hours signifying strong resilience of the extract molecules withstanding the corrosive anions and thermodynamic stability with respect to exposure time. AVNT performed effective on mild steel at relatively lower efficiency, but with final values above 80% efficiency. Statistical data for standard deviation shows the degree of variation of protection performance data for AV, NT and AVNT extracts from mean value is minimal signifying consistent data value with respect to exposure time. Data also showed 100% of AV and NT protection performance data are above 98% efficiency value at +0% margin of error while 14.29% of AVNT protection performance data are above 95% efficiency at margin of error of +14.97%. Data from analysis of variance shows AV extract concentration and observation time strongly influences the performance out of AV at rated value of 42.06% and 29.41%. NT extract concentration solely dominated the performance output of NT at 95.37% while the performance of AVNT was independent of its concentration with values below threshold significance. However, AVNT performance varied significantly with observation time signifying progressive improvement in performance in over time.

Background: Phenolic compounds in Nicotiana tabacum L. have anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological effects. Therefore, either to optimize the utilization of plant resources or to reduce the physiological harm caused by cigarette, it is necessary to separate and analyze the phenolic compounds in Nicotiana tabacum. 
 Aim: To develop a protocol for extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds in Nicotiana tabacum. The method based on aqueous two-phase extraction (ATP) should provide a solid experimental basis for future large-scale medical industrial extraction.
 Results: Five of phenolic compounds in Nicotiana tabacum including catechol, caffeic acid, coumarin, rutin, and quercetin were extracted with the developed ATP method and analyzed by the optimized liquid chromatography method simultaneously. In the concentration range of 10-200 µg/mL, the linear correlation coefficients of calibration curve for five compounds were all greater than 0.999. The developed ATP extraction method employed 70% acetonitrile water solution as the extractant. The ammonium sulphate was selected as the preferred phase separation salt. The extraction efficiencies of five phenolic compounds were all more than 90%. In concrete sample, the concentrations of five compounds were determined based on acetonitrile/salt ATPE system,
 Conclusion: Analysis of phenolic compounds in Nicotiana tabacum was achieved based on acetonitrile/ammonium sulphate ATP extraction coupled with liquid chromatography. The developed ATP extraction protocol employed 70% acetonitrile water solution as the extractant. The ammonium sulphate was selected as the preferred phase separation salt. The accuracy and precision were satisfied. The protocol developed in this study is expected to be applied in medical industry.

Income Risks of Capsicum Frutescens L. and Nicotiana Tabacum Farming in Subak Gede Sukawati, Gianyar Regency. Land size, planting distance, capital, maintenance, and weather affect production yields and farmers' incomes. Therefore, farmers must be able to take the right decisions to minimize farming risks. This study aims to determine the risk of production, price, and income of capsicum frutescens L and nicotiana tabacum intercropping farming in Subak Gede Sukawati, Gianyar Regency. Data were analyzed using the calculation of variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and descriptively. Production risk in capsicum frutescens L and nicotiana tabacum intercropping shows the lowest risk with a coefficient of variation of 0.14 when compared to capsicum frutescens L and nicotiana tabacum monoculture. The risk of capsicum frutescens L production is higher (0.34) than nicotiana tabacum (0.30). The price risk in nicotiana tabacum farming, which is 0.12, indicates a higher price risk than the risk in capsicum frutescens L farming (0.02). As for income risk, the lowest risk occurs in capsicum frutescens L and nicotiana tabacum intercropping farming, which is 0.13. This risk is lower when compared to the monoculture of capsicum frutescens L (0.38) and nicotiana tabacum (0.30). The selection of cropping patterns in Subak Gede Sukawati, among others, is based on habits carried out for generations, product selling prices, maximizing income, and production costs.

As an important cash crop, Nicotiana tabacum's yield and quality are influenced by various factors, yet the correlations between its health status, microbial community, and environmental factors remain largely unexplored. In this study, we analyzed the microbial diversity of Nicotiana tabacum rhizosphere microbiomes using ITS rDNA sequencing under different conditions. Compared with soil associated with healthy Nicotiana tabacum, the alpha and beta diversity of the eukaryotic microbial community decreased in soil with diseased Nicotiana tabacum, indicating a decline in microbial abundance and composition. Compared with healthy soil, the eukaryotic microbial community in diseased soil exhibited looser structural networks, with the assembly process of both communities predominantly governed by stochastic processes. Soil element measurements and correlation analyses identified pH, manganese, and copper as key environmental factors associated with the health status of Nicotiana tabacum. A machine learning model incorporating environmental factors and major microbial phyla was developed to predict Nicotiana tabacum health status, achieving a high accuracy of 93%. These findings collectively offer comprehensive insights into the relationship between Nicotiana tabacum health status, soil conditions, environmental factors, and eukaryotic microbial community.

The presence of crude oil emulsions in oil production and processing systems has been a great concern to industry worldwide. Several methods are available for breaking crude oil emulsions; however, Chemical method is the common demulsification method. Fossil-based materials are mainly used to develop these demulsifiers. Given the recent environmental and sustainability concerns, focus has shifted to the use of bio-based materials like agricultural plant extracts as alternatives to fossil-based demulsifiers. In this study, the prospects of breaking crude oil emulsions using demulsifiers produced from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> seed oil, leaf extracts, and stalk ash were evaluated. The study is based on the need for local production of demulsifiers in Nigeria, the need for more environmentally friendly and sustainable operations; and the need to put <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> into alternative use due to its associated health hazards when consumed and its massive cultivation. The results of the physiochemical properties of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> seed oil; the phytochemical analysis of Nicotiana tabacum leaf extracts, and the potash concentrations of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> stalk ash extract showed the presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components of demulsifiers. The properties of the formulated demulsifier are similar to those of the commercial demulsifiers. The bottle tests results showed that the formulated demulsifier is capable of breaking medium and high-density crude oil emulsions. Hence, the formulated demulsifier performed comparably to the commercial demulsifiers.

Objective: Poor denture hygiene could be a risk factor for denture stomatitis. Tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.) can be used as a base for denture cleaning because tobacco leaves contain ingredients that are antibacterial and antifungal. Is there any effect of tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum L.) effervescent tablets with a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75%, as an acrylic resin denture cleaner on the growth of C albicans and an effective concentration in the formulation of tobacco leaf extract effervescent tablets as a acrylic resin denture cleaner against the growth of C.albicans&#x0D; Material and Methods: The type of this research is a laboratory experimental study with a randomized posttest only control group design. The samples were divided into 5 sample groups, namely: acrylic plate immersed in Effervescent tablet of tobacco leaf extract with a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% for 30 minutes, acrylic plate for the commercially sold effervescent tablet for 20 minutes and acrylic plate immersed in distilled water for 30 minutes. The acrylic resin plate contaminated with C.albicans was then measured using a spectrometer to see the turbidity. Then the data analyzed using one way ANOVA.&#x0D; Result: There were significant differences in all groups, except for the effervescent tablets of tobacco leaf extract (nicotiana tabacum L.) with 75% concentration and commercially sold denture cleanser effervescent tablets which was .473. There was no significant difference.&#x0D; Conclusion: Effervescent tablets of Tobacco leaf (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are 75% effective in inhibiting C.albicans with immersion time of 30 minutes.

The nicotine demethylase CYP82E4 is essential for the formation of red dapples on flue-cured leaves of cherry-red tobacco

The influence of adhesive colored trap on capside pest (Cyrtopeltis tenuis Reut.) (Hemiptera:Miridae) in tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The is research was to find out the effectiveness of the adhesive colored trap on capside pest (Cyrtopeltis tenuis Reut.) (Hemiptera:Miridae) in tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in the field. The purpose of this study conducted at Kelambir V Helvetia Estate of PTPN II from May to June 2012. The methods used in this study were Non-Factorial Group Randomized Design (RAK) with 7 treatment, and 3 replications: W0 (controlled/ transparent), W1 (green colored traps), W2 (light red colored Trap), W3 (white colored traps) W4 (yellow colored traps) W5 (blue colored Traps), W6 (red colored traps). The result of this study showed that the highest pest population caught by yellow colored trap was 53.00 and the lowest pest population was 33.33 which were caught by light red colored trap. The lowest attact intencity percentage was 28.53% found in the yellow colored trap, and the highest was 34.86% found in the blue colored trap. Keywords: Cyrtopeltis tenuis Reut, Colored Trap, Nicotiana tabacum L.

BackgroundThis study aimed to identify the transcription factors of nitrate reductase genes (NIA1 and NIA2) promoters and hypothetical cis-element of NRE2. Based on the constructed cDNA library of Nicotiana tabacum K326, a yeast one-hybrid system was established using the Matchmaker® Gold Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System from Clontech. The transcription factors of NIA1 andNIA2 promoters and NRE2 cis-elements were screened.ResultsAfter sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, 15 cDNA sequences were identified: 9 for NIA1 (including XP_016503563.1 and NP_001312236.1), 3 for NIA2 (including XP_016510250.1), and 3 for NRE2 (including XM_016576899.1). XP_016503563.1 was annotated in PREDICTED: CRM-domain containing factor CFM3, and NP_001312236.1chloroplastic/mitochondrial-like in Nicotiana tabacum. NP_001312236.1 was annotated in Sulfite oxidase-like of Nicotiana tabacum. XP_016510250.1 was annotated as PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC107827596 in Nicotiana tabacum. XM_016576899.1 was annotated in PREDICTED: Nicotiana tabacum RING-H2 finger protein ATL16-like (LOC107759033).ConclusionA yeast one-hybrid library was successfully constructed. The identified transcription factors may provide a theoretical basis for the study of plant nitrate reductase.

Selenium and molybdenum synergistically alleviate chromium toxicity by modulating Cr uptake and subcellular distribution in Nicotiana tabacum L.

Broomrape ('Orobanche aegyptiaca' Pers.) is a debilitating holoparasiting weed in tobacco ('Nicotiana tabacum' L.) fields with devastating effects on its production. In this study, the reaction of 26 tobacco genotypes was evaluated against broomrape weed in randomized complete block design with three replications under greenhouse condition. Tobacco genotypes were planted in both non-inoculated and inoculated conditions where the soil of inoculated pots was mixed with 0.06 g of broomrape seed. The genotype by trait (GT) biplot explained 66% of the total variation of the standardized data and the polygon view of GT presented for 11 traits showed 5 vertex genotypes. Genotype G20 was the best in terms of leaf properties (length, width, number and area), and stem girth while G14 was the best genotype against broomrapes number as well as fresh and dry weight of broomrapes. Genotype G4 was identified for good performance in plant height and fresh weight total while G19 and G26 were best genotypes in terms of total fresh weight. Based on vector view biplot, a strong positive association among leaf properties, number of broomrapes, fresh and dry weight of broomrapes, and among plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of leaf yield were detected. According to ideal genotype biplot, genotype G20 followed by G3, G13 and G24 were the most favourable genotypes regarding all of the measured traits. The plant height, leaf number per plant and stem girth could be considered as effective selection criteria evolving high yielding genotypes. Finally, genotypes G26 and G19 are good candidates for improving most of the measured traits and for obtaining resistance to the Egyptian broomrape.