Chemical Reactivity of Alkenes and Alkynes As Seen from Activation Energies, Enthalpies of Protonation, and Carbon 1s Ionization Energies

Abstract

Electrophilic addition to multiple carbon-carbon bonds has been investigated for a series of twelve aliphatic and aromatic alkenes and the corresponding alkynes. For all molecules, enthalpies of protonation and activation energies for HCl addition across the multiple bonds have been calculated. Considering the protonation process as a cationic limiting case of electrophilic addition, the sets of protonation enthalpies and gas-phase activation energies allow for direct comparison between double- and triple-bond reactivities in both ionic and dipolar electrophilic reactions. The results from these model reactions show that the alkenes have similar or slightly lower enthalpies of protonation, but have consistently lower activation energies than do the alkynes. These findings are compared with results from high resolution carbon 1s photoelectron spectra measured in the gas phase, where the contribution from carbons of the unsaturated bonds are identified. Linear correlations are found for both protonation and activation energies as functions of carbon 1s energies. However, there are deviations from the lines that reflect differences between the three processes. Finally, substituent effects for alkenes and alkynes are compared using both activation and carbon 1s ionization energies.