Abstract
Spondias pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz (Anacardiaceae) is widely distributed in tropical Asia, where it is commonly used as a vegetable and fruit, and is attracting increasing research attention. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of the fruit peel essential oil of S. pinnata (EOSP), which has been consumed as a medicine and condiment in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. A total of 40 components were identified by Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS), representing 95.19% of the EOSP, with furfural (17.14%), α-terpineol (13.09%), and ethyl benzoate (9.05%) as the main constituents. EOSP has moderate cytotoxic activity against five cancer cells and obvious antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic strains. In particular, EOSP (Minimal Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentration, MIC and MFC, 16‒32 µg/mL) showed a 32-times higher inhibition effect against Aspergillus fumigatus than the positive control Tigecycline (MIC and MBC 512‒1024 µg/mL). EOSP also showed strong anti-inflammatory activity by significantly inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cell lines at 0.08‰, with no effect on cell viability. These bioactivities of S. pinnata fruit peel validate its traditional uses and suggest that it could be a new source of natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents for food or medical industries.
Highlights
Essential oils, which are a mixture of numerous fragrant compounds collected from aromatic plants, have been frequently utilized as an ingredient in pharmaceutical, antiseptic, household, and cosmetic products since ancient times
Results were expressed as percentages of nitric oxide (NO) by control cells maintained in culture medium
Values are Results were expressed as percentages of NO by control cells maintained in culture medium
Summary
Essential oils, which are a mixture of numerous fragrant compounds collected from aromatic plants, have been frequently utilized as an ingredient in pharmaceutical, antiseptic, household, and cosmetic products since ancient times. Essential oils and aromatic compounds from spices and aromatic herbs have been demonstrated to have various bioactivities, including antibacterial, Molecules 2020, 25, 343; doi:10.3390/molecules25020343 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Molecules 2020, 25, 343 antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-tumor, and antioxidant, as well as other miscellaneous activities [1,2,3,4]. 200,000 life-threatening infections each year are attributed to this pathogen and treatment has recently been further complicated by the global emergence of resistance to the triazole class of antifungals in both clinical and environmental isolates [6]. To overcome antifungal resistance and release the global burden of different infections, it is necessary to find new antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. Essential oils from some Anacardiaceae species have been demonstrated to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities [8,9,10].
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