Abstract
Local govemrnments of many countries have adopted popular referendum and allow their citizens to directly vote on specific laws enacted by the legislature. In Japan, however, popular referenda are heavily restricted and assume the form of indirect referenda because even when a sufficient number of signatures are filed, a proposal is first sent to the legislature, which may approve or reject the proposed measures. Moreover, in Japan, referenda are used merely as advisory tools, and legislatures are not bound by the result of the vote. Such stringent legislative control seems to render popular referenda ineffectual and defeats the purpose of direct legislation. Despite various restrictions, however, the number of both
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