Chasing archipelagic dreams: the expansion of foreign influence in Sabah amid the end of empire, 1945–1965

As doctors sought state support to regulate professional training and practice after Independence, Mexicans also developed different attitudes toward foreign ideas, influences, and professionals. Leveraging the allure of the foreign among Mexicans, homeopaths strategically used work, products, and organizations from abroad to establish their practices and fight changing professional policies in the country that threatened homeopathic institutions. Homeopaths inhabited the blurry and shifting boundary between professional and lay medical practice during the early Republican period, the Porfiriato, and the post-revolutionary era, and used the ambivalent feelings about medical licensing, and foreign influence in Mexican society to consolidate their position.

This paper analyzes the perceptions of journalists in São Paulo, Brazil's main media hub, concerning media roles, ethics and foreign influences on journalism and compares them with perceptions held by American and French journalists. American and French models of journalism have influenced Brazilian journalism at different points in time. The study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to illustrate that Brazilian journalists embrace a particular pluralistic view regarding their role in society and appear to be very tolerant of controversial journalistic practices. While most of them believe they emulate the American model, some critics interviewed for this study suggest that these journalists have developed a caricature of American journalism and lack a clear perspective on how to deal with foreign journalistic influences.

The paper examines the pricing behaviour of 81 Canadian manufacturing industries from 1974 to 1996. It explores the domestic and foreign factors that affect price formation in Canada and the circumstances in which Canadian prices respond to foreign (U.S.) influences (the law of one price), as opposed to domestic factors (i.e., labour, energy costs and productivity growth). It finds that (1) Canadian manufacturing prices are, on average, set using a mixture of a cost markup pricing rule and the law-of-one-price rule: both domestic factors (such as input prices and productivity) and foreign factors (such as competing U.S. prices) exert important influences on Canadian prices. (2) Canadian prices are more sensitive to U.S. prices if the industry faces higher import competition and if home and foreign products are less differentiated. Compared to prices of domestic products, prices of imported foreign products are more responsive to foreign prices. However, the price of imports also responds to Canadian prices-though this pricing-to-market phenomenon is reduced as imports increase in importance. (3) Industry differences exist. Domestic prices respond more to productivity changes in industries where competition is more intense and where products are more homogeneous. Imports respond more to domestic factors when they account for a smaller share of the domestic market. (4) As the pressure from foreign markets increases, in a period of an appreciating Canadian dollar, changes in prices are influenced more by fluctuations in foreign prices. In comparison, when the pressure from foreign markets decreases, in a period of a depreciating Canadian dollar, changes in Canadian prices are more responsive to input cost changes at home. Disequilibria that were generated by previous shocks are overcome more quickly during periods when the exchange rate appreciated.

Domestic and foreign influences on Canadian prices

From the 1890s until the Second World War the armed forces of Argentina underwent an extensive modernizing and professionalizing process, as did those of other major states of South America. During this period, foreign influence was exerted on the Argentine military establishment, which actively sought assistance from Europe and the United States. Germany was the dominant external actor and the strongest foreign military influence in Argentina.

Foreign influence and welfare

The students of Indonesia University of Education (UPI) and Bandung Islamic University (UNISBA) typically practice religion as it was received from their parents and socio-religious environment. They Salat, which is the main prayer of Islam, simply abort their obligations, and after praying, immediately leave their prayer mats without making dhikr or remembering God first. Furthermore, they do not understand khushu` Salat, which involves remembering God throughout the prayer, along with the meaning of dhikr, and the importance of a Murshid, which is the Grand Shaykh of Sufi Order. They also view Sufism as non-Islamic teaching and are cynical about the practitioners. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Sufistic learning model in Islamic Religious Education to improve students’ understanding of these teachings in a substantive and tolerant manner. This research used an R&D approach, and the stage that was performed involved the preparation of a draft model and associated trials. Meanwhile, the learning used the madhhab typology approach of the Sufi and Shari`a Islamic models. The trial results showed that the Sufistic approach was effective in increasing students’ understanding of Islamic teachings in a substantive and tolerant manner. Before learning, students were unaware of Sufi Islam and viewed it as a foreign influence. Also, they did not understand khushu` prayers, comprehend the importance of dhikr, nor that of learning from Murshid. After learning, they understood Sufism, accepted the teachings and did not consider them to be foreign influences, and also recognized Islam in a substantive and tolerant manner. Therefore, the Sufism approach is improving the quality of religion and tolerance of students, with the implication that the model is an alternative in learning Islamic education at universities.Objective: This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Sufistic learning model in Islamic Religious Education to improve students’ understanding of Islamic teachings in a substantive and tolerant manner.Methods: A research and development (R&D) approach, which was performed in the preparation of a draft model and associated trials, was used. Meanwhile, the learning employed the madhhab typology approach of the Sufi and Shari`a Islamic model.Results: The trial results showed that the Sufistic approach in Islamic Education was effective in increasing students’ understanding of Islamic teachings in a substantive and tolerant manner. Before learning, students unfamiliar with Sufi Islam, saw it as a foreign influence, and did not understand khushu` Salat, which involves remembering God throughout the prayer. Also, they considered dhikr, which means to remember God, and learning from Murshid as unimportant. However, they understood Sufism, accepted it as Islamic teachings and not foreign influences, and recognized the religion in a substantive and tolerant manner after the learning process.Conclusion: The Sufism approach in Islamic Education has succeeded in improving the quality of religion and tolerance of students.

The post-authoritarian reform era in Indonesia (starting in 1998) was characterized by a push to democratize the state system, leading to the adoption of several foreign, democratic, or "globalized" constitutional concepts. This process demonstrates legal isomorphism where Indonesia aligned its constitutional framework with prevailing international democratic standards. This article analyses the patterns of legal isomorphism in the Indonesian constitutional amendment by examining the dynamic interplay between foreign influence and national identity. For that reason, the research aims to determine a legal isomorphism that can harmonize and balance both foreign influences and the desire for a national identity in the constitutional amendment in Indonesia. To achieve these objectives, the study employed a qualitative research method with a socio-legal and comparative law approach. The research finds three distinct patterns of coercive legal isomorphism concerning the constitutional amendment process in Indonesia. Meanwhile, comparatively, a mimetic isomorphism regarding unamendable provisions of basic structure can be considered for harmonizing and making a balance between foreign influences and national identity in the constitutional amendment. The novelty of this research lies in its identification and classification of legal isomorphism patterns within Indonesia’s constitutional amendments, providing a new perspective on how external legal influences interact with national identity. This study contributes to the broader discourse on constitutional development by offering a framework for analysing the complex relationship between global legal trends and domestic constitutional transformations.

In an interconnected world, economic and political interests inevitably reach beyond national borders. Since policy choices generate external economic and political costs, foreign state and non-state actors have an interest in influencing policy actions in other sovereign countries to their advantage. Foreign influence is a strategic choice aimed at internalizing these externalities and takes three principal forms: (i) voluntary agreements, (ii) policy interventions based on rewarding or sanctioning the target country to obtain a specific change in policy, and (iii) institution interventions aimed at influencing the political institutions in the target country. We propose a unifying theoretical framework to study when foreign influence is chosen and in which form, and use it to organize and evaluate the new political economics literature on foreign influence along with work in cognate disciplines (JEL D72, D74, F51, F53, P26, P33).

The 37 years from 1912 to 1949 are known as the period of the Chinese Republic. This chapter discusses one of the major historical issues, events and Chinese achievements in these various realms. Some of the seemingly 'foreign influences' on the Republican Revolution have coincided with or grown from older Chinese trends that shared certain traits with the foreigners. The chapter indicates the dimensions of this historical problem. It also tries to establish the identity and trace the growth of Maritime China, a peripheral region along the south-east coast. The growth of treaty-port trade in China brought with it the new technology of transport and industry, a new knowledge of foreign nations, and so a growth of nationalism. The rebel tradition, secret and fanatical, had been too often in the negative guise of Boxerism, profoundly anti-intellectual and likely to degenerate into local feuding.

Foreign direct investment brings both increased competitive pressures and opportunities for domestic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Competition may force them to seek new international markets, but also provide access to international customers. However, as economies become more knowledge‐based in order to access international markets, SMEs must seek to innovate. This study examines how foreign firm presence and innovation influence the exporting activities of SMEs. It contributes to the existing literature by dividing innovation into product/process innovation and in‐house/open innovation. With open innovation, products are more likely to be novel and productivity boosted to a larger degree. We interact different types of innovation with foreign influence to examine whether there is a moderating influence on the relationship. The individual firm level data and foreign influence data are from the Longitudinal Small Business Survey and Office for National Statistics. Whether firms are active exporters is explored using multilevel logit regressions. Both innovative activities and the foreign influence increase the likelihood of exporting. In‐house product innovation boosts export propensity to a lesser degree in areas with higher levels of foreign influence. The hypothesis that open innovation has more impact on exporting activities when foreign influence is greater is not supported for either type of innovation.

Site 1 in Raciąz was the subject of archaeological exploration in 1969–1985 and 1990–1992, carried out by Pomeranian Archaeological Expedition of Łodź University. The youngest object’s phase was interpreted at that time as wooden-earthen stronghold, the castellan seat, confirmed in a number of written sources from 13 th century. Material culture of the stronghold inhabitants was defined as traditional for early mediaeval Pomerania, with slight influences of Western Europe. Unfortunately, wide-ranging research has not been completed. Secondary material analysis performed recently revealed diversity of material culture and its reaches. A variety of clasps and belt fittings were distinguished, so called lengthened belts, typical for development of High Middle Ages, rings and buoodnes with numerous analogies in West European material. The inventory of grave no 59 from the nearby cemetery is an interesting example of mutual penetration of home, local and foreign influences, where apart from temple rings – typical for Western Slavs, finger rings and bead necklaces, there was also a complete set of a belt. Foreign influences are also readable in the assortment of vessels in use. Except for the examples made in traditional methods of Western Slavs, there are also not known earlier, pitchers, vessels with pipe-like outlets (including imported Lower Silesian dishes), glazed ones, brought from East English or South Scandinavian regions and so called colonization ceramics (vessels fired in reductive technique). Many metal dishes were registered, as well (grapens – threepod vessels, and bronze bowls, which were repaired or recycled on the spot). Spatial composition and the object’s function resemble so called castles of transitive type or colonization castles – fortresses erected around vast terrains of Central Europe in order to control and protect colonization processes. Erecting the object in Raciąz and establishing in it the castellan zone can be synchronized with intense settling processes and land donations confirmed in the area of Krajenskie Lakeland and Tucholskie Forests. The object in Raciąz seems, therefore less traditional than it was supposed before. Its dwellers followed all new trends reaching Pomerania by costal urban centers (Gdansk), while the stronghold itself was adjusted to their needs and referred to central European standards.

In an interconnected world, economic and political interests inevitably reach beyond national borders. Since policy choices generate external economic and political costs, foreign state and non-state actors have an interest in influencing policy actions in other sovereign countries to their advantage. Foreign influence is a strategic choice aimed at internalizing these externalities and takes many forms. We distinguish three broad types of intervention strategies, (i) voluntary agreement interventions between the intervening foreign power and the target country, (ii) policy interventions based on rewarding or sanctioning the target country to obtain a specific change in policy and (iii) instiutional interventions aimed at influencing the policy choice by changing the political institutions in the target country, (with or without a cival war). We propose a unifying theoretical framework to understand when and which form of foreign influence is chosen and use it to organize and evaluate the new political economics literature on foreign influence along with work in cognate disciplines. Foreign intervention plays a more important role for a proper understanding of domestic policy choices, for institutional dynamics and for internal conflict than is commonly acknowledged in both empirical and theoretical research.

Purpose– Although foreign direct investment and entrepreneurship are potential routes to recovery (Girma and Wakelin, 2001; Lyonet al., 2002), existing literature is divided on the relationship between the two. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of foreign investment on the local SME sector after the 2008 financial crisis.Design/methodology/approach– Local authority district data from Great Britain is used to examine the influence of foreign firm employment on the size of the local SME sector as a proportion of all firms, and foreign firm influence on firm births in the locality. In order to control for local geographical, infrastructural and economic conditions regression analysis is used to examine the relationship between foreign business employment and indigenous business activities.Findings– The potential for technological spillovers and spinout activities appears to dominate with firm birth rates higher where there is greater foreign firm employment. However, there is also evidence of crowding out in relation to the existing SME sector, which is found to be reduced in size where foreign influence through employment is greater.Research limitations/implications– The results here indicating a complementarity relationship between foreign influence on employment and firm births is important for policy makers looking to revive struggling local economies. However, the relevant support needs to be in place to maximise the benefit from the supply of new entrepreneurs generated.Originality/value– Unlike many other studies the relationship between the SME sector, firm births and foreign influence is considered at a local level and where economic conditions are more uncertain and economic recovery is less taken for granted. A better understanding of the relationship allows more appropriate policy to be developed in order to aid local economies to recover.

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the evaluation of recent research on post-communist political regime diversity in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It offers a snapshot of the literature which looks for explanations for this diversity in four sets of factors: pre-communist and communist legacies, transitional institutional choices, political leadership, and foreign influence. The findings are based on the political evolution of three countries: Slovakia, Belarus, and Macedonia. They are representative for all post-communist countries both in terms of regime trajectory and regional location. The author concludes that post-communist political regime diversity can best be explained when the political leadership in general and the top politicians’ ideology, in particular, are placed at the centre of the analysis. This explanation correlates well with all types of post-communist regime, whether democracy, dictatorship, or intermediate regime. The other factors – legacies, institutional choices, and foreign influence – at best, may act only as reinforcing variables in some cases.