Characterization of zirconia sulfate catalyst for sustainable aviation fuel from waste cooking oil

Sukaratu Village, Cikeusal has rapid population growth and culinary business development because there is the Serang Panimbang Section 1 toll gate which is an economic magnet. This has a positive impact on the community, but also has a negative impact on the environment. The negative impact of this culinary business is the high volume of used cooking oil (cooking) waste. This happens because people throw used cooking oil away. Waste cooking oil if not managed properly will make the environment dirty and can pollute water and soil. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to innovate in the management of used cooking oil by involving the community so that the waste can be used as a product of economic value. One of the potential waste cooking oil is the high content of fatty acids so that it can be used as an environmentally friendly dish soap. Therefore, community service activities were carried out to increase the added value of used cooking oil by processing it into dish soap. Skills training for processing used cooking oil into dish soap has been carried out for the community in Sukaratu Village, Cikeusal and provides benefits: 1) The community knows the negative impact of used cooking oil on health and the environment, 2) The community knows and is skilled at applying appropriate technology for processing used cooking oil into dish soap, 3) People know the economic potential of used cooking oil waste, 4) Encourage community empowerment.

With an alarming increase in dumping of municipal solid waste to landfill in Hong Kong, of which food waste dominated, it is now the best opportunity to promote the use of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils. Biodiesel has its main advantages as renewability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, non-greenhouse effect contributor and safety.
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\nIn this project, biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oils in laboratory. The feedstock used were home-used deep-frying canola oil, home-used pig oil, deep-fried oil obtained from a restaurant and fresh canola oil. Investigation and comparison were made between household waste cooking oil, restaurant cooking oil and fresh cooking oil in terms of quantity and quality by analysis on product density, cloud point, pour point and components by gas chromatography as well as mass spectrometry. 
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\nWaste cooking oils should be used for biodiesel production because of its low price and sustainability. In comparison of biodiesel yield and quality produced from household waste cooking oil with restaurant waste cooking oil, household waste cooking oil was a better feedstock. In terms of technology and huge amount of waste cooking oil generated in Hong Kong, biodiesel production in mass way is feasible. Future investigation will be needed for collection of waste cooking oil from household level such as implementation of pilot-scaled collection and production scheme in large estates.

Cooking oil as an additive and medium of heat transfer plays a significant role in food preparation. Its attributes of providing food with good taste, colour and aroma gave it general acceptance among consumers. In recent years, huge amount of waste cooking oil (WCO) is generated and discharged in to the environment in various countries of the world. This study examined empirically the households’ awareness, attitudes and practices towards WCO recycling in Petaling District of Selangor State, Malaysia. Information on households’ awareness, attitudes and practices regarding WCO reuse, recycling and disposal will give a hint on how to improve WCO management in order to reduce its associated environmental problems. The study was conducted based on 352 households, who were randomly interviewed face-to-face using structured questionnaires from February to June, 2013. The results indicated that the average WCO generated per household is 2.34 kg/month, and even though the households’ awareness on the significance of WCO recycling were generally positive, only small portion of them are engaged into it. However the result of the logit regression revealed that awareness and attitude were the significant factors that influence households engagement into WCO recycling, there is need for intensifying efforts in creating more awareness on proper management of WCO. The researchers finally suggested ways on how to encourage WCO management among households in Petaling.

A web-based mobile application was developed to investigate cooking oil use and disposal of households in Indonesia, and released in February, 2014. The application was designed as an interactive program visualizing Green House Gas emission calculated by individual cooking oil consumption and disposals, as well as a potential GHG reduction if the same amountof waste cooking oil was recycled. On 13 and 14 February, 2014, the released mobile application was demonstrated at three high schools, SMA2, SMA3, SMAPGRI4 in Bogor, Indonesia. The responses of 188 households were collected by a mobile application and paper questionnaires. The results showed that 51% of households disposed waste cooking oil to drainage.17%to soil, and 15% gave it to maids for further use. The average monthly consumption and disposal of cooking oil were 3.6L and 0.8L respectively. The feedback of the GHG emission by user's own cooking oil consumption and disposal seemed to have enhanced users' environmental recognition and incentive to participate in Bogor City's waste cooking oil recycling program. The application was proved as an environmental informatics and feedback system of daily food consumption and disposal.

The amount of waste cooking oil in Indonesia is large due to dominance of food processing by frying has given rise to new environmental issues. Non-B3 waste originating from these households can be negative for both health and the environment. This is because used cooking oil cannot be disposed of directly in water or land withour processing, and also cannot be combined with other piles of waste. However, not many people understand the proper way to dispose and process waste cooking oil. Bank Jelantah Sekar Sejagad 88 practices environmental communication to convey the message of how to process waste cooking oil is converted into economic value. This research uses qualitative methods with interviews with managers and members of Bank Jelantah Sekar Sejagad 88. The delivery of environmental communication messages with socio-cultural approach, based on character of the target community, namely women who are married. Based on research, there are two main socio-cultural charactistics of the audience, namely togetherness and socialicing which in togethernees is the means of disseminating daily information. The second character is that trust is built through valid information with the support of the local government. Based on these characteristic, there are strategies for delivering messages namely “Ngobrol Jelantah”, Gethok Tular, dan top-down concept. With this message delivery strategy, it can increase awareness of targets as shown by the increase in the number of members of Bank Jelantah Sekar Sejagad 88. Based on discussion, it appears that including targets through community empowerment is the right step in building mutual understanding in delivering environmental communication message.

Aromatics production from fast co-pyrolysis of lignin and waste cooking oil catalyzed by HZSM-5 zeolite

This chapter discusses the management of waste cooking oil (WCO) in a sustainable manner in order to protect the environmental pollution. Increasing consumption of edible oils worldwide leads to generation of substantial amount of waste cooking oil (WCO). While WCO is not considered toxic, large amount of WCO can contribute to environment pollution if not being handled properly. The huge generation of WCO in the world creates problem of collection, treatment and disposal. Due to its chemical features, the recycling of WCO not only provides a renewable feedstock for producing biofuels and bio-based products, but also alleviates environmental pollution arising from its improper handling. This chapter also provides an overview of some recent approaches in WCO recycling and applications.

A huge amount of waste cooking oil (WCO) is generated globally, which affects the environment due to its improper disposal. Regular management strategies like incineration and landfill disposal are not satisfactory and harm the ecosystem. Bioremediation using microbial enzymes appears as a promising solution to degrade WCO in an eco-friendly manner. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used for WCO degradation and this process was enhanced by using a surfactant agent. Among three types of surfactants, Gum Arabic (GA) was the best surfactant, as it reached 100% of the Emulsification Stability Index (ESI) without affecting bacterial growth. Investigating different concentrations of GA (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%) showed that 0.2% of GA was the optimal concentration for maximizing P. aeruginosa growth and lipase enzyme activity to 1.6 g/l and 81.6 U/mL respectively. Additionally, the increase in GA concentration from 0.2 to 0.6% improved oil degradation from 17 to 27%. Further optimization is still needed to reach a higher degradation rate.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel because it is renewable sources and considered to be smart waste management solution for used cooking oil since plenty amount of waste cooking oil is being produced from households and restaurants. Irresponsible practice to get rid of this waste is by pouring it down the sink or drain. However this practice causes damage mainly to the ecosystem (water pollution). In this study, biodiesel was synthesized from waste cooking oil by alkali catalyzed transesterification method. Alkali transesterification is a reaction between oil and alcohol in presence of alkali catalyst. Methanol and sodium hydroxide were used in this transesterification. Treated oil and sodium methoxide mix at constant temperature for certain period to yield methyl ester and glycerin. Characterization was carried out by using thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and normal analytical methods mainly for density and viscosity. This study shows that biodiesel was successfully synthesized from waste cooking oil and characterization of the synthesize biodiesel was almost similar to the conventional diesel. From this, it can be concluded that pollution caused by disposal of waste cooking oil can be turned into value-added product.

A significant amount of waste cooking oil (WCO) remains in the food preparation process worldwide on a daily basis, which can cause environmental pollution if disposed of improperly. The cheapest and effective way to dispose of WCO is by blending it with diesel fuel. In this study three various blends of WCO and diesel fuel were prepared with a WCO proportion of 10%, 20% and 30% and properties were evaluated and compared with petroleum diesel fuel. The density and dynamic viscosity of the blend increase with the increase in WCO content, while the heating value decreases. The blends were then tested in tractor direct injection diesel engine to determine the effect of blending WCO with diesel fuel on the engine performances (power, torque and fuel consumption) and exhaust gases emission (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, HC and NO<sub>x</sub>). The results show that the engine performances using WCO blends are comparable to petroleum diesel fuel and a blend with 30% WCO (B30) achieved the best results among the fuel blends. There were no significant differences in average engine power, torque and fuel consumption per hour between petroleum diesel fuel and B30 blend, while significantly lower (P˂0.05) average specific fuel consumption were achieved using diesel fuel. The significantly lower (P˂0.05) average CO and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and significantly higher (P˂0.05) average HC emission was achieved using diesel fuel compared to B30 blend. No significant difference in average NO<sub>x</sub> emission was observed between diesel fuel and B30 blend.

Cooking oil is oil derived from purified plant or animal fats—liquid forms at room temperature and usually frying food. Cooking oil is produced from palm oil on a large scale; the filtering process is carried out twice. This causes the content of unsaturated fatty acids and makes the cooking oil quickly damaged in the frying process because, in the frying process, the oil will be heated continuously at a high temperature. The oil will be directly mixed with the outside air during the frying process, resulting in an oxidation reaction. This is what is known as cooking oil, which is cooking oil that has been used for frying. Due to the large amount of waste cooking oil produced, it is necessary to recycle used cooking oil, one of which is soap's essential ingredient. We students of Unisnu KKN class XI group 76 will conduct training on soap making with used cooking oil as the base material produced by Tahu Walik Bu Ida's partner, which will be carried out at the partner's house RT 08/ RW 03 Ujung Batu, Jepara. By utilizing waste cooking oil processed into soap, it is hoped that partners will be aware that used cooking oil can be utilized.

Production and optimization of biodiesel from composite Pongamia oil, animal fat oil and waste cooking oil using RSM

Since the turn of the twenty-first century, the world’s attention has shifted significantly toward alternative energies, owing to the accelerated depletion of fossil fuel reserves, air pollution, and exponential population growth. Compared to petroleum diesel, biodiesel is a more environmentally friendly and beneficial fuel type due to its lower emissions of harmful gaseous pollutants. Numerous feedstock have significant potential for biodiesel production, but low-cost biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil receives special attention. Due to the health risks associated with high blood cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions, it is not recommended to reuse cooking oil several times without undergoing a proper refinement process for food preparation, particularly frying. A significant amount of waste cooking oil is generated daily and discarded into the environment, either directly or indirectly. However, due to a lack of knowledge and technology, a more significant proportion of domestic waste cooking oil is currently discarded without being used. In comparison, a smaller proportion is used to make low-value secondary products such as soap and lubricants. This book chapter will discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production and the impact on animal, human, and environmental health.

In recent decades, the production of waste engine oil (WEO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) has risen, primarily attributed to shifts in human lifestyles and advancements within the automotive industry. In light of growing environmental concerns and efforts to enhance asphalt mixtures, researchers have investigated integrating these waste materials into traditional bitumen formulations. Thus, this study examines the laboratory investigation of varying proportions of WCO and WEO on the rejuvenation effect, including chemical, rheological, performance grading (PG), and resistance to permanent deformation of asphalt. A total of 7 blends were prepared, consisting of the base bitumen and different proportions of WEO (7%, 10%, and 13%) and WCO (3%, 6%, and 9%) by weight of bitumen. The rheological properties of high-temperature PG bitumen and the rutting depth of asphalt mixtures were evaluated using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer and Cooper Wheel Tracker Test. The research outcomes confirm that incorporating an appropriate dosage of WCO and WEO meets the criteria for conventional bitumen physical properties. Furthermore, the lower dosage of the WCO blend exhibited adequate tensile properties, thermal susceptibility, PG, and resistance to permanent deformation compared to WEO blends. Meanwhile, introducing WCO and WEO does not trigger additional chemical changes. However, excessive incorporation of waste oil can result in an undesirable reduction in the bitumen phase angle, thereby prolonging the construction timeframe. Therefore, based on rigorous statistical analyses, it is recommended that WCO and WEO be incorporated at dosages of 3% and 7%, respectively. This study highlights the potential of recycling WEO and WCO by incorporating them into bitumen for use in the asphalt pavement sector, thereby expanding the utilization of waste oils.

Community service KKN Mandiri Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra carried out one of the entrepreneurial activities for the community in Hamparan Perak Village, considering the large amount of waste cooking oil in the community environment that was simply thrown away. Soap-making training activities are needed so that the community can set an example and apply the business of making soap from cooking oil waste. I carried out soap training to provide knowledge and understanding about soap making from cooking oil waste so that people could have the habit of entrepreneurship. The method of activity uses the following stages: survey of the community environment, data collection, preparation of problems that occur in the community, consultation and application of licensing for program implementation to the village head and neighbourhood head; preparation of materials and preparation of methods and tools to be used; implementation of soap-making training in the hall of the village head's office in the expanse of silver.