Abstract
The paper presents the results of ample investigations performed on industrial and traditional ceramics of fired clay used in processes of water potabilization in the last stage of filtration, after that of active charcoal. Using the data obtained through the scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and pH analyses, on the basis of the atomic composition and free concentration of hydronium ions, the normal caustic (Si/Al) and summative [(Si+Ti+FeIII+Cl)/(Al+Ca+Mg+Na+K)] modules were assessed, which were correlated with the free acidity and, respectively, the capacity of absorption and ionic exchange of the Fe3+ and Al3+ ions. The study allowed the selection, on the basis of the caustic module, of the ceramics with high capacity for ionic exchange.
Highlights
The capacity for ionic exchange is due to the acidic marginal structures of the type Si(IV)–O–H+and of the hydroxide ones Al(III)–OH
CIa, acidic industrial ceramics; CIsa, weakly-acidic industrial ceramics; CIam, amphoteric industrial ceramics; CIsaHCl, weakly-acidic industrial ceramics treated with HCl 3M; CIamHCl, amphoteric industrial ceramics treated with HCl 3M; CTa, acidic traditional ceramics; CTsa, weakly-acidic traditional ceramics; CTamsa, amphoteric to weakly-acidic traditional ceramics; CTam, amphoteric traditional ceramics; CTamsb, weakly-basic amphoteric traditional ceramics; CTamHCl, amphoteric traditional ceramics treated with HCl 3M; CTamsbHCl, weakly acidic amphoteric traditional ceramics treated with HCl 3M
These samples were analyaed from the point of view of elemental chemical composition and internal structure by means of scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray spectrometry (SEM-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX))
Summary
The capacity for ionic exchange is due to the acidic marginal structures of the type Si(IV)–O–H+. The main advantage of ceramic products used in treating and purifying water is due to the mechanic resistance, the acid-basic and redox stability, and to the thermal and photochemical stability, as well as to an extensive series of very important characteristics, such as the apparent density or specific weight, under 1500 kg/m3 , and compression resistance, which varies between 50 and 200 daN/cm[2 ]; the maximum quantity of absorbed water, which varies between 8% and 20%; the gelifraction or the phenomenon of mechanical deterioration (breakup) of the products saturated with water due to freezing and thawing, their biodegradation and biodeterioration through biochemical and chemical processes, due to the specific loads of the treated waters Likewise, another advantage of the industrial ceramics is given by the minimum concentration of soluble components in aqueous systems [17–29]. The ceramics will be employed in the final filtration stage of the treatment of underground and surface waters in order to make them drinkable, producing quality water with impressive organoleptic characteristics
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