Characterization of physicochemical properties and sensory profile of commercial sorghum crystal sugar (Sorghum bicolor L)

Fish bonggolan is a traditional fish-based snack from Sidayu District, Gresik Regency, produced by local micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Variations in raw material composition and processing methods among producers lead to differences in sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance. This study aimed to identify the sensory attribute profiles of fish bonggolan from six different MSMEs in Sidayu District using the Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) method and to determine sensory attributes influencing consumer preferences. Sensory attributes were identified through a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving 10 semi-trained panellists, yielding 17 attributes grouped into aroma, colour, taste, and texture parameters. Sensory evaluation was conducted by untrained panelists using the RATA method combined with a hedonic test. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and preference mapping. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in most sensory attributes among samples, except for leafy aroma and umami taste. PCA revealed distinct sensory profiles for each sample. Preference mapping indicated that sample P2 achieved the highest consumer liking score (80–100%), while sample P6 showed the lowest liking score (20–40%). These findings demonstrate that specific sensory attributes strongly influence consumer acceptance and may serve as a basis for product improvement and market standardization of fish bonggolan. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 2: Zero HungerSDG 3: Good Health and Well-BeingSDG 8: Decent Work and Economic GrowthSDG 12 : Responsible Consumption and Production

The impact of using legume flour and bran on both sensory and texture properties in extruded, sustainable snack formulations was investigated. Sensory attributes determining consumer preference or rejection of legume-based snacks, as well as food neophobia and food technology neophobia were also explored. Seven samples of extruded snacks (R = 100% rice flour; C = 100% chickpea flour; P = 100% green pea flour; C30 = 30% chickpea bran and 70% rice flour; C15 = 15% chickpea bran and 85% rice flour; P30 = 30% green pea bran and 70% rice flour; P15 = 15% green pea bran and 85% rice flour) were subjected to the three-point bend method using a TA.XT plus texture analyzer. Seventy-two subjects (42 women; aged = 29.6 ± 9.3 years) evaluated the samples for liking and sensory properties by means of the check-all-that-apply (CATA) method. The sample made with 100% rice flour obtained the lowest liking scores, and it was not considered acceptable by the consumers. Samples P, C, C15, and P15 were the preferred ones. Crumbliness and mild flavor attributes positively influenced hedonic scores, whereas stickiness, dryness, hardness, and to a lesser extent, visual aspect affected them negatively. Neophilic and neutral subjects preferred the snacks compared with the neophobic ones, while no differences in liking scores were found regarding food technology neophobia. Extruded snacks with legume flour and bran were moderately accepted by consumers involved in the present study, albeit to a lesser extent for neophobic subjects, and could represent an interesting sustainable source of fiber and high-value proteins, as well as a valuable alternative to gluten-free foods present on the market.

Sweetener is food additive consisting of natural sweetener and artificial sweetener which give sweet sensation to food products. Table-top sweeteners are sought due to its advantages in comparison to sugar, which is giving off sweet sensation in food with no or low calorie. This is proven useful for people who suffer from illnesses, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and sensitive tooth. This need should be supported by development of table-top sweeteners to satisfy consumer preferences. Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) is a consumer based test developed from Check-All-That-Apply (CATA). The objective of this research is to study sensory profiles of various table-top sweeteners based on diabetic and non-diabetic consumer and its intensity, as well as identifying attributes which determines consumer preference. There were six table-top sweeteners used in this study with three group of panelists based on their medical history. The research result revealed that sweetener A was identic to the attribute cooling, sweet aftertaste, sweet, body thickness, licorice, and mouth drying. Sweetener C and F were identic to the attribute metallic aftertaste, bitter aftertaste, bitter, and metallic. Diabetics give the most hedonic score above the average value to Sweetener A, B, and D. Non-diabetics with a heredity of diabetes give the most hedonic score above the average value to Sweetener B. Non-diabetics without a heredity of diabetes give the most hedonic score above the average value to Sweetener D and E. Generally, consumer could not identify attributes which determines their preference, however they could define unwanted attributes in table-top sweeteners, which are bitter, bitter aftertaste, metallic, metallic aftertaste, and mouth drying.

Vietnamese sausage (cha lua), a pork processing food with a characteristic chewy and crunchy texture, are widely consumed in Vietnam. However, there are not many established researchs on hedonic and sensory attributes for this product, especially about the texture attributes. The goal of this study was to investigate consumer's preference as well as identify the drivers of liking for texture of Vietnamese sausage. Eight samples were prepared with various ratio of lean meat, lard and starch to cover a wide range of different texture of Vietnamese sausage. Sixty eight consumers then evaluated these eight samples, rating texture liking on nine-point scale and answering a checkall- that-apply (CATA) question, which consisted of 16 different texture attributes of Vietnamese sausage. The consumers were also asked to check all the approriate attributes to describe their ideal products. The ANOVA and post –hoc test showed samples which had recipes with high lard ratio (20-25%) and low meat ratio (70%) had a significant higher liking scores, while the samples which had recipe with high meat ratio (90%) had the lowest liking scores. The Cochran's Q test showed that 12 attributes had different choice frequency between samples, suggesting the texture of Vietnamese sausage is complex and diverse. The CA results showed all the samples without stach were associated with large air holes, while samples which high meat ratio (80%) were associated with hardness. The ideal Vietnamese sausage product was associated with fattiness, juiciness, springiness and brittleness. Finally, the results of penalty analysis showed that chewy, firm, and elastic attributes had positive impacts on the liking score for Vietnamese sausage products, while attributes that exhibit heterogeneity, such as large air hole and grainy, significantly reduced the liking score of the product. This suggested the importance of mechanical texture attributes and homogenity on the consumer's preference of the Vietnamese sausage.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various sweeteners (rock sugar, stevia, erythritol, date sugar, lo han guo, and sorghum sugar) on the antioxidant and sensory characteristics of Gynura procumbens leaf tea (GPLT). The antioxidant activity, acceptance, and sensory profile assessment were conducted using the DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) method, 9-point hedonic scale, and CATA (Check-All-That-Apply), respectively. This study found that the highest antioxidant activity was observed in GPLT with date sugar, while the lowest was in the sample with rock sugar and stevia. The addition of stevia and lo han guo yielded the highest liking scores on the GPLT despite the driving factors of liking being more strongly correlated with the sensory attributes of stevia. Based on the results, this study recommends using lo han guo as the optimum sweetener for GPLT. The GPLT with lo han guo as a sweetener exhibited an antioxidant activity of 53.16% DPPH inhibition. Adding lo han guo led to the neutral perception of GPLT and characteristics of sweet aftertaste, cloudy, sourness, thickness, and light brown color.

The demand for gluten-free food is growing. Corn is a functional food ingredient that can be used in gluten-free corn-based cookies to prepare alternative snacks. This study aimed to characterize the sensory attribute profile of corn cookies prepared with sugar (sucrose) and crystalline coconut sugar and determine the nutritional content. Sensory profile analysis was carried out using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method on a 15 -point scale by identifying, describing, and quantifying the sensory attributes of cookies using trained panellists. The nutritional content and desirability of corn cookies prepared with sugar and crystalline coconut sugar were analysed. The results showed higher intensity levels of crust colour (12.91) and crumb colour (11.83), caramel aroma (9.82) and caramel taste (11.54), sweetness (10.87), crumb, sandy mouthfeel (8.64), sweet aftertaste (9) and bitter aftertaste (2.23) in crystalline coconut sugar-based corn cookies. Coconut sugar-sweetened corn cookies had higher fat (18.77 %db), dietary fiber (1.39 % db), reducing sugar (1.51 %db), and ash (2.34 db) content. Corn cookies with sugar as sweetener had greater intensity values for milky aroma (12.19), buttery aroma (10.94), and milky taste (12.41), and a sensory profile, preference, and nutritional value like those of wheat cookies.

Lentil puffs were developed from a mixed design of varying weight fractions of lentil flour (x1), lentil starch concentrate (x2), and lentil protein concentrate (x3) using a twin-screw pilot scale extruder at a dry feed rate of 20kg/h (d.b.), a water feed rate of 2kg/h, and an extruder screw speed of 350rpm. Evaluations of the extrudate properties (expansion ratio, unit density), instrumental texture (hardness, crunchiness, and crispiness), and sensory properties (overall and texture liking, just about right (JAR), and check all that apply (CATA) were conducted, and the optimum lentil puff formulation was determined from sensory liking. Increasing x1 and x2 both increased the expansion ratio of the lentil puffs, whereas the interactions of x3 with x1 and x2 both reduced the unit density. All three formulation factors positively impacted the instrumental crunchiness and crispiness of the lentil puffs, whereas x3 had a larger impact on crunchiness, and x1 and x2 had a larger impact on crispiness. Lentil puff formulations with x3≥0.66 presented significantly lower sensory liking scores than those with x2≥0.33. The JAR test revealed that all lentil puff formulations were penalized for not having the right level of hardness, whereas the CATA test identified the crispy and crunchy attributes to positively correlate with overall and texture liking scores. The optimum lentil puff formulation was predicted from a maximum overall liking score of 6.1 and texture liking score of 6.7, to contain 50% (w/w, d.b.) of lentil starch concentrate and 25% of both lentil flour and lentil protein concentrate.

This study aims to investigate the preference mapping and drivers of liking for ready-to-drink tea (RTD) tea beverages. The RTD tea samples were selected based on the type (black, green, oolong) and different sugar additions (sweetened, unsweetened, less sweet). In addition, various flavored (jasmine, milk, fruity) teas were also included. A total of 12 RTD tea samples were evaluated using descriptive analysis by 14 trained panelists. In addition, the preferences of the RTD teas were investigated by 131 participants (mean age 24.0 ± 9.2, 45% men, 55% women). The results show that the sensory profiles of RTD tea were very diverse based on the ingredients such as type of tea, flavors, and sweetness levels. The acceptability indicated that sweetened and flavored RTD teas have a higher liking (p< 0.05) compared to unsweetened and plain samples. The preference mapping shows that the overall liking for RTD tea was associated with sweet taste, sweet aroma, and sweet aftertaste while sensorial attributes of bitter taste, bitter aroma, astringent, burnt aroma, bitter aftertaste, and leafy aroma may influence consumers disliking. This study identifies factors that drive consumer preferences for RTD tea and provides insight for the development of RTD tea by maximizing sensorial properties.

This study evaluated the impact of three distinct diets; perennial ryegrass (GRS), perennial ryegrass/white clover (CLV) and total mixed ration (TMR), on the sensory properties and volatile profile of whole milk powder (WMP). The samples were evaluated using a hedonic sensory acceptance test (n = 99 consumers) and by optimised descriptive profiling (ODP) using trained assessors (n = 33). Volatile profiling was achieved by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using three different extraction techniques; headspace solid phase micro-extraction, thermal desorption and high capacity sorptive extraction. Significant differences were evident in both sensory perception and the volatile profiles of the WMP based on the diet, with WMP from GRS and CLV more similar than WMP from TMR. Consumers scored WMP from CLV diets highest for overall acceptability, flavour and quality, and WMP from TMR diets highest for cooked flavour and aftertaste. ODP analysis found that WMP from TMR diets had greater caramelised flavour, sweet aroma and sweet taste, and that WMP from GRS diets had greater cooked aroma and cooked flavour, with WMP derived from CLV diets having greater scores for liking of colour and creamy aroma. Sixty four VOCs were identified, twenty six were found to vary significantly based on diet and seventeen of these were derived from fatty acids; lactones, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters. The abundance of δ-decalactone and δ-dodecalactone was very high in WMP derived from CLV and GRS diets as was γ-dodecalactone derived from a TMR diet. These lactones appeared to influence sweet, creamy, and caramelised attributes in the resultant WMP samples. The differences in these VOC derived from lipids due to diet are probably further exacerbated by the thermal treatments used in WMP manufacture.

Sensory and emotional profiling by consumers is gathering interest among scientists and companies as it could help to better understand the motives for food choice. Although children and teenagers are important food consumer groups, they are underrepresented in sensory research and little is known on how children and teenagers perform on these tasks. Therefore, this study investigates the emotional and sensory profiling of a traditional biscuit product among 122 children and teenagers (10–14 years old). The check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) approach has been applied for conducting the emotional and sensory profiling task using an age‐appropriate protocol. Children and teenagers evaluated four different samples (market leader, store brand, small producer, and local bakery) and assessed their overall liking under three conditions: blind, expected (brand logo) and informed. Overall liking differed significantly among the samples and brand information influenced the informed liking scores. Samples were associated with different emotional profiles and sensory attributes by the children and teenagers.Practical applicationsThis study illustrates the potential of using CATA questions for obtaining emotional connotations and sensory attributes of food products with children and teenagers. Together with the insights regarding their attitudes toward traditional food products and store brands, this could help producers when developing promotion initiatives to bring their traditional food products to a potential market of young consumers. Including both sensory and emotional measurements yield interesting insights for the product development if companies want to produce products in alignment with the brand message. Further, this study shows that branding influences not only the overall liking but also the sensory perception of the food products. Therefore, this study adds to the discussion on the need and importance of a more realistic product presentation during sensory testing.

This study determined the dynamic sensory profile and consumer acceptance of blackberry nectar with different sweeteners. The ideal scale was used to determine the ideal sweetness of the sucrose and the magnitude estimation method for the equivalent sweetness of the sweeteners. The sensory profile was determined by time-intensity analyses with trained panelists. This study determined the dynamic sensory profile and consumer acceptance of blackberry nectar with different sweeteners. First, to determine the concentration of sucrose to promote optimal sweetness in blackberry nectar, a study was carried out by consumers, who used an unstructured 9 cm “Ideal Scale”, ranging from the extreme left as “extremely less sweet than ideal” to the extreme right as “extremely sweet than ideal”, with the center of the scale being the ideal sweetness point. Then, the magnitude estimation method was applied to determine the concentration of each sweetener studied in order to obtain the same sensation of ideal sweetness in the blackberry nectar. The sensory profile of blackberry nectar in the same equi-sweetness was determined by time-intensity analysis with trained assessors and CATA (Check-All-that-Apply) with consumers. According to our results and the opinion of the involved consumers, the optimal sucrose concentration in blackberry nectar was 9.3%, and the sweetener concentrations equivalent to sucrose were 0.015% of sucralose, 0.052% of aspartame and 0.09% of stevia with different rebaudioside A concentrations. Time intensity and overall liking data were statistically analyzed by partial least squares regression (PLSR), thus generating the temporal preference drivers for blackberry nectar. The results showed that the sucralose and tasteva sweeteners have a temporal profile closer to sucrose, being characterized by a lower intensity and duration of sweet and bitter taste, with a positive impact on consumer acceptance. Concomitant results were found by the CATA analysis, indicating that the attributes of blackberry aroma, blackberry flavor, sweet taste, and brightness also have a positive impact and stand out in the samples with sucrose, sucralose, and tasteva. The samples sweetened with stevia were characterized by a greater intensity of bitter taste and the presence of a sweet and bitter aftertaste, with a negative impact on acceptance. The different rebaudioside A concentrations in stevia (78%, 92%, and 97%) did not interfere with consumer acceptance.

Sensory characteristics of products play an essential role on the consumer’ s acceptability, preference and consuming behavior choice. The sensory profiles and consumer hedonic perception for 14 UHT milk products using sensory quantitatively descriptive analysis and a 9-point hedonic scale were investigated in this study. There were significant differences in the sensory attributes intensity and liking scores among the organic whole milk, ordinary whole milk, low-fat milk, and skimmed milk (p < 0.05). Skimmed milk samples had lowest intensity scores of typical milk aroma, taste flavor and texture attributes, as well as had the lowest overall liking scores. Whole milk samples had higher sensory intensity scores than low-fat milk samples, even though no significant differences of overall liking scores were observed between whole milk and low-fat milk. Furthermore, the relationship between the sensory attribute and overall liking was demonstrated according to correlation analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. Overall liking increased significantly with the increasing of sweet, after milk aroma, protein-like, mellow and thick, while decreased significantly with the enhancement of cowy, cooked and whey (p < 0.05). These findings presented a potential strategy for identifying the key sensory attributes responsible for liking score differences among different kinds of UHT milk products.

One of the critical factors in increasing consumer acceptance of edible insects is the development of appropriate products that lead to satisfactory sensory experiences. This way, the negative associations with entomophagy can be hampered, and developed products can be more successfully integrated into consumers’ diets. This research aimed to integrate consumers into the food product development process, achieving crispbread formulations with increased acceptance and liking. Crispbread was developed with different formulations and sensory profiles, incorporating house cricket Acheta domesticus or yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor. Two panels of 50 and 100 untrained consumers evaluated the crispbreads incorporating A. domesticus and T. molitor, respectively. The panels rated overall liking (9-point hedonic scale) and profiled the crispbreads using a Check-All-That-Apply ballot. Regardless of insect species and formulation, all the samples were accepted by consumers with hedonic scores above 5.5. Significant differences were observed between formulations for both insect species, with the chives-based crispbread having the highest liking scores and the incorporation of fennel seeds leading to the lowest liking scores. It was also possible to observe an effect of species, as crispbreads incorporating A. domesticus presented lower hedonic scores and higher association with negative attributes related to odour/flavour (‘Earthy’, ‘Pet Food’, ‘Bitter) and texture (‘Floury’). The results from this study highlight the importance of assessing consumers’ opinions while developing insect-based food products, demonstrating that Portuguese consumers present higher liking scores of products incorporating T. molitor and chives.

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Coffee has a distinctive aroma and taste, and it is usually served in the form of drinks. This study aimed to determine the sensory profile of Starbucks instant coffee VIA ready brew unflavored based on consumer acceptance by CATA (Check All That Apply) method and to identify the consumer preferences maps. There were three variant of Starbucks instant coffee VIA ready brew unflavored as follows: VIA colombia, VIA pike place and VIA italian roast that tested on 34 panelists. Each panelist gave response of CATA acceptance with the attribute that already issued. The data analyzed by XLSTAT 2021 software with sensory data analysis and preference mapping (PREFMAP) features. Sensory profile were interpreted through three analyzes such as Cochran’s Q test, Correspondence Analysis and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA). The ideal instant coffee based on biplot map were the attributes of a bitter taste, smoky aroma, viscosity mouthfeel and bitter aftertaste. The sensory profile evaluation results from the 3 variants of VIA ready brew unflavored were as follows: VIA colombia has the attributes of sour taste, fruity aroma, nutty aroma, watery mouthfeel and sour aftertaste, VIA pike place has the attributes of bitter taste, nutty aroma, viscosity mouthfeel and bitter aftertaste, VIA italian roast has the attributes of bitter taste, smoky aroma, viscosity mouthfeel and bitter aftertaste. The result of preference mapping showed that VIA italian roast had the ideal sensory profile with the highest level of preference.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Comparison of rate-all-that-apply (RATA) and check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions across seven consumer studies