Characterization of microparticles of iron oxide for magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract

Microparticles of iron oxide (MPIOs) are increasingly used for contrast generation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In particular, Dynabeads® MyOne™ Tosylactivated MPIOs have enabled sensitive and targeted molecular imaging, e.g., to detect vascular inflammation. For the first time we measured the relaxivities as well as the molar susceptibility χM of these MPIOs at 7 T in agarose gels. They are r1 = 0.69 ± 0.03 s−1/mM, r2 = 220 ± 6 s−1/mM, r2* = 679 ± 14 s−1/mM, and χM = 0.66 ± 0.05 ppm/mM, when expressed with respect to the iron concentration. These material parameters are essential to optimize MRI protocols and progress toward quantitative imaging. To address the heterogeneous nature of the MPIO distributions over the size of a typical MRI voxel, we coupled the MPIOs to a fluorophore to create a bimodal phantom that can be imaged by both Light Sheet microscopy and MRI. In this phantom, the MPIOs produced contrast similar to that found in vivo . The submicron resolution of Light Sheet microscopy images provided a precise measurement of the MPIO spatial distribution in phantoms also imaged by MRI. MPIO aggregates occupying less than one MRI voxel were responsible for alterations in R2* and magnetic susceptibility χ across several MRI voxels. In these cases, the sum of R2* or χ over the affected MRI volume correlated better with the microscopically determined number of MPIOs. These findings were confirmed with simulations performed in the static dephasing regime. The microscopically determined MPIO distribution was also entered directly into the simulation framework, indicating that the bimodal phantom is a useful tool to test theoretical models against experimental measurements.