Characterization of JC Polyomavirus Entry by Serotonin Receptors

Abstract

JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) causes a lifelong persistent infection in the kidney in the majority of the population. In severely immunocompromised individuals, JCPyV can become reactivated, spread in the central nervous system, and infect glial cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes which are necessary for myelin production. The viral infection and cytolytic destruction of glial cells leads to the development of the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), for which there are currently no approved treatment options. In order to develop effective antiviral therapies, it is essential to define the virus–host cell interactions that drive infection and the virus–receptor interactions that are major regulators of tissue tropism and viral disease outcomes. Following attachment to sialic acid receptors, JCPyV requires the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2) receptors to mediate internalization. However, the mechanism by which JCPyV utilizes 5-HT2 receptors to invade host cells is poorly understood. Using super-resolution fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM), we have determined that JCPyV localizes with 5-HT2 receptors at timepoints consistent with viral entry. Furthermore, we have determined that the 5-HT2 receptor-associated scaffolding proteins beta-arrestin, adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2) and dynamin are required for viral internalization through a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. Additionally, we have identified a beta-arrestin-binding motif in the intracellular loop of the 5-HT2A receptor that is critical for JCPyV entry and infection. These findings highlight the importance of viral receptors in regulating viral infection and illuminate potential targets for antiviral treatment.