Abstract
Scales of Prochilodus magdalenae, a Colombian endemic fish species, were used to obtain chitosan for application as an antibacterial agent integrated into starch-based films. Analysis of its composition during the demineralization and deproteinization process indicated that minerals and protein were both removed successfully. At this point, mild conditions for the deacetylation process were employed, namely, 2, 4, and 6 wt.% NaOH at room temperature for 16 h. Chitosan processed under 2 wt.% NaOH had low molecular weight, with the lowest value of 107.18 ± 24.99 kDa, which was closely related to its antibacterial activity. Finally, this chitosan was integrated into a banana starch-based film, and its antibacterial activity was assayed in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cultures, with positive results in the former culture, especially due to the low-molecular-weight characteristic of chitosan.
Highlights
Chitosan is a derivative of chitin, which is one of the three most important and abundant polysaccharides on the planet, together with cellulose and starch [1,2]
Chitosan can be obtained from different natural sources, including fish scales, which are composed mainly of collagen and carbonates/hydroxyapatite [5], and minimally explored components such as chitin, which can be converted into chitosan [6]
PF.eemdsatgodcakleannadeRsecaagleenstws ere collected in the fish market square of Plato, MagdalenawCCoaolsolhomemPdb.biwmaia,ia,atghafdtfeapterlleretnhntaheteyeflsfoaclafkaklitenainspggwpwpreaorrtoceeecrscesotsoslblbecylcyeataeartdnritsioiasnrangnatahalnlefiifscifhsidsheherembrmmreisanernaoknofedftthtswheqeeucrciateiyrts.yetT.ooThrfheePdneln,aat,tthtoh−e,esM2cs0acaal◦gelCdsesawulwneenterieralerewaacshhinedg twheithrepquleinretyd oqfutaanptitwy.aOtenr cteo tchleeacnololercgtaionnicwdaesbrciosmapndletwede,rethsetosrceadlesatw−e2r0e °sCenut ntotil Mreeadcehlliinng, Cthoeloremqbuiiar,etdoqbueapnrtoitcye.sOsendc,eatnhde ccohlilteocstaionnwwasasocbotaminpeledt.ed, the scales were sent to MedLeollwin,mCoolleocmulbaira-w, teoigbhetpcrhoicteosssaendw, aansdpcuhricthoassaendwfraosmobStiagimnead-A. ldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Milwaukee, WI, USA) for comparison to chitosan obtained in this research, and sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
Summary
Chitosan is a derivative of chitin, which is one of the three most important and abundant polysaccharides on the planet, together with cellulose and starch [1,2]. P. magdalenae, commonly called “bocachico” in Colombia, is an endemic species grown naturally mainly in the Magdalena River and Cauca River and can be used as a source to obtain scales to extract chitosan. “Bocachico” is highly commercialized informally by street vendors, as exhibited, because it constitutes an important food source for riverine populations [10,11]. The importance of using local sources to obtain chitosan is due to the significant effect on its properties such as solubility, reactivity, affinity for solvents, and swelling [3]. 1, because it constitutes an important food source for riverine populations [10,11].2Lofik11ewise, the importance of using local sources to obtain chitosan is due to the significant effect on its properties such as solubility, reactivity, affinity for solvents, and swelling [3]. Twhiethanottihmericprooblyiaml earcstivsuitcyhoafschstiatorcshanfodreptheenddsevoenlovpamrioenuts ocof nbdioitdioegnrsasduacbhle apsatchkeapgHin,gtyfoprefooof dm[i1c3ro].oTrghaenainsmtim, picKroab, iaanldacdtievgirteyeoof fchdietaocseatnyldaetpioenn,dasmoonnvgaoritohuesrsco[1n3d];ihtoiownesvseur,chchaitsotshaenpisHa,ntyaplteeronfamtiviceroaosragannaitsumra, lppKrae,searnvdatdivegeraegeaoinf sdtefaocoedtyslpatoioilna,tiaomn obnyg moitchreorosrg[1a3n]i;smhosw[1e7v]e,rr,ecphlaitcoisnagncoisnvanenatilotenranlaptirveesearsvaatinvaetsusruacl hparesspeorvtaastsiviuemagsaoirnbsattefooord ssopdoiuilmatiboennbzoyamtei[c1r8o]o.rganisms [17], replacing conventional preservatives such as potassiumThsoerrebfaotereo, rthsiosdpiuampebr epnrzoopaotsee[s1a8]p. rotocol to extract chitosan from highly polluting riverbTahnekrse,fosurec,hthaiss tphaapt efrropmropthoesesscaalepsrootfoPcorolcthoileoxdtursacmt acghdiatolesnaane,fraonmenhdigehmlyicpsoplleuctiiensg inrivCeorlboamnkbsia, ,sauscha ansovtheal tsofruormcetfhoer stchaislems oaftePrriaolchainloddutos mchaagrdaacletenraiez,eaintseunsdeemasica sppoescsiiebslein aCntoilmomicrboiab,ials aagneonvteinl steogurracteefdorintthoissmtaracther-ibaalsaenddfitlomcsh,awraicthtearizheigiths puoseteanstiaalptoosspirboleduancetibmioidcerogbraiadlaabglenfot oindtepgarcaktaegdiningt.o starch-based films, with a high potential to produce biodegradable food packaging
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