Characterization of carotenoprotein from different shrimp shell waste for possible use as supplementary nutritive feed ingredient in animal diets

Seafood waste is often landfilled and/or discarded into water, raising microbiological pollution and environment policy concerns. Repurposing this low-cost biomass collected at point-source processing centers can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support industrial progress in developing economies. Safe alternative methods to utilize seafood waste were investigated. Hydrothermal carbonization-enriched shrimp shell waste was converted into higher-value products, such as sprayable fertilizer and dry biochar fertilizer pellets. Environment friendly sprayable fertilizer from shrimp and crab shell waste as an inexpensive carbon fixer is a potential solution. An average spray coverage area of 0.12 m2 from only 300 mL of 1:10 shrimp shell waste to water mixture is reported. Characterization using N:P:K ratios from elemental analysis showed crustacean shell waste to comprise long-term organic carbon fixers in the soil with minor mineral enrichment, demonstrating potential for long-term soil care. Additionally, hydrothermally carbonized mineral rich shrimp shell and untreated crab shell waste were pelletized to test their friability and feasibility in transportation. Such a bio-investigation to promote economic goals for sustainability can improve biomass waste handling locally.

In the current investigation, chitin and chitosan are extracted from Callinectes amnicola (crab) and Penaeus notialis (shrimp) shell wastes using predetermined optimization conditions. The shrimp shell produces higher chitin yield (26.08%), higher chitosan yield (16.93%) and higher degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 89.73% than the yields of chitin (19.36%), chitosan (13.29%) and the DDA from crab shell (84.20%). The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and acid-base titration methods are used to obtain % DDA of the optimized chitosan. Insignificant deviations between the DDA values from both methods are obtained. The experimental FTIR bands and standards for the refined chitosan from crab and shrimp shell wastes are in excellent agreement. The physicochemical properties of the raw precursors, extracted chitin and chitosan (raw and refined/decolorized) are equally evaluated. The extracted chitin and chitosan are characterized using analytical techniques. The implication of this study is in the current drive to produce chitin and chitosan from the underutilized shell wastes of C. amnicola and P. notialis of Nigerian sources with a high yield and a high DDA. In this study, the P. notialis shell is a better alternative source of chitin and chitosan than C. amnicola shell. Key words: Extraction, characterization, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy.

SummaryAngiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from the shrimp shell waste (SSW) were isolated using different proteases. The orthogonal test results showed alcalase hydrolysates with ACE inhibitory activity of 67.07% under the optimal hydrolysis conditions of 60 °C hydrolysis temperature, pH = 9.5, 25 g L−1 substrate and 4000 U g−1 of enzyme, whereas neutral protease hydrolysates had an ACE inhibitory activity of 84.04% under the hydrolysis temperature of 50 °C at pH = 7.0 with 25 g L−1 of substrate and in the presence of 2000 U g−1 of enzyme. Neutral protease was more suitable for the production of ACE inhibitory peptides from SSW, where peptides with MW <5 kDa were recommended. The results of this study indicated that peptides obtained from SSW are as beneficial as antihypertension compounds in the functional food resources.

Microwave-assisted valorization of black soldier fly pupal and shrimp shells into chitin and chitosan: A rapid biopolymer recovery approach.

Objective: Crustacean shell waste is not currently used to its full potential. Most waste from crustaceans used in food pollutes the environment. Widely found in crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste, chitosan is a modification of chitin compounds. This study aims to utilize crustacean shell waste (crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste) as a natural adsorbent against heavy metals and dyes in the form of chitosan. Methods: This study includes the steps of extracting chitosan from crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste, followed by adsorption capacity tests against heavy metals (mercury and arsenic) and dyes (tartrazine and amaranth). Results: Chitosan sourced from both crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste met the physical and chemical characteristic requirements, and the yield was 28.19% and 18.33%, respectively. The adsorption capacity against heavy metals and dyes from crab shell waste chitosan ranged from 43.4% to 55.6% and the shrimp shell waste chitosan ranged from 50.8% to 60.2%. Conclusion: Crustacean shell waste can be processed into chitosan, which is valuable and can be used as a natural adsorbent against heavy metals and dyes for wastewater treatment in several industrial sectors.

Udang adalah salah satu komoditas perikanan yang banyak dikonsumsi dan disukai masyarakat. Selain memiliki cita rasa yang enak, hasil analisis limbah kulit dan kepala udang ternyata mengandung 63% kandungan protein. Bukan hanya komponen protein, kalsium karbonat, karotenoid, kitin, dari limbah kulit akan sangat bermanfaat bagi tubuh manusia. Meskipun memiliki nilai gizi yang tinggi, seringkali limbah organik udang ini akan dibuang saat dimasak. Banyak kalangan masyarakat yang masih minim pengetahuan dan pemahaman mengenai manfaat limbah kulit dan kepala udang. Oleh karena itu sangat dibutuhkan pengenalan dan pelatihan yang mengulas manfaat kulit dan kepala udang yang dapat meningkatkan nilai gizi pada makanan sehari-hari. Jika tidak dimanfaatkan, bahan organik berkualitas ini justru akan mencemari lingkungan, baik mengganggu kualitas air maupun sebagai polusi udara karena menimbulkan bau yang tidak sedap. Selain itu, inovasi dalam pengolahan limbah organik ini bagi ibu rumah tangga dengan cara mengolah limbah kulit udang menjadi “Bumbu kering maupun Bumbu Basah”. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mendorong masyarakat secara umum, dan secara khusus untuk memotivasi ibu rumah tangga, untuk mengubah kebiasaan dari membuang jadi menjadi mengolah kembali. Partisipasi dan antusias masyarakat sangat tinggi selama mengikuti pelatihan pembuatan bubuk kaldu dan bumbu basah dari limbah kepala dan kulit udang di Desa Tritiro Kabupaten Bulukumba.Kata Kunci: kulit, kepala udang, bumbu kering, bumbu basahAbstract Shrimp is one of the fishery commodities that is widely consumed and liked by the public. Apart from having a delicious taste, the results of analysis of shrimp shell and head waste turned out to contain 63% protein content. Not only protein components, calcium carbonate, carotenoids, chitin, from skin waste will be very beneficial for the human body. Even though it has high nutritional value, organic shrimp waste is often thrown away when cooked. Many people still lack knowledge and understanding regarding the benefits of shrimp shell and head waste. Therefore, there is a great need for introduction and training that reviews the benefits of shrimp shells and heads which can increase the nutritional value of daily food. If not used, this quality organic material will actually pollute the environment, both disrupting water quality and as air pollution because it causes an unpleasant odor. Apart from that, this innovation in processing organic waste for housewives involves processing shrimp shell waste into "dry spices and wet spices". This activity aims to encourage society in general, and specifically to motivate housewives, to change their habits from throwing away to reprocessing. Community participation and enthusiasm was very high during the training on making stock powder and wet seasoning from waste shrimp heads and shells in Tritiro Village, Bulukumba Regency. Keywords: shells, shrimp heads, dry spices, wet spices

Management of crustacean shell waste (SW) through an eco-friendly technique is an environmental obligation to control pollution. The present study showed a novel approach through the simultaneous application of proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria to effectively degrade unprocessed crustacean SW. For this, the bacteria with concurrent chitinolytic and proteolytic activity (Bacillus subtilis, Priestia megaterium, or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were applied either alone or in combination with one proteolytic strain (Paenibacillus alvei) in the unprocessed lobster, crab, and shrimp SW. The method degraded the shells with high deproteinization (> 90%) and demineralization efficiency (> 90%). The degradation was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy. The highest weight loss achieved with shrimp, crab, and lobster shells was 93.67%, 82.60%, and 83.33%, respectively. B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei combination produced the highest weight loss in crab and lobster SW, whereas all combinations produced statistically similar weight loss in shrimp SW. There was a concurrent production of N-acetyl glucosamine (up to 532.89, 627.87, and 498.95 mg/g of shrimp, lobster, and crab shell, respectively, with P. megaterium + P. alvei and B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei in all SW) and amino acids (4553.8, 648.89, 957.27 μg/g of shrimp, lobster, and crab shells, respectively with B. subtilis + P. alvei in shrimp and B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei in crab and lobster). Therefore, it is concluded that, for the first time, efficient degradation of crustacean shell waste was observed using chitinolytic and proteolytic bacterial fermentation with the obtention of byproducts, providing a basis for further application in SW management.

While extraction of carotenoprotein from brown shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros) shell waste, trypsin showed maximum recovery (55%) of carotenoid pigment in 4 hours at (28±2°C); but pepsin and papain showed about 50% recovery during the same period. The yield of protein paste by trypsin was maximum. The average protein content in the protein paste was about 450 g kg−1. The percent of recovery of protein by papain and pepsin was close to that of trypsin. During storage at ambient temperature (28±5°C) loss of carotenoids from cake prepared by trypsin was minimum. The cost of trypsin is twenty times that of papain. Thus papain, easily available and the cheapest enzyme, can be used suitably for moderate recovery of carotenoids and good recovery of protein from shrimp shell waste at tropical ambient temperature. The dried colorless solid residue after extraction of carotenoprotein and protein, can be used as raw materials for chitin/chitosan.

Antibacterial activity of chitin, chitosan and its oligomers prepared from shrimp shell waste

Processing of crustaceans especially shrimp and crab is a process that keep on progressing years to years. This condition will also followed by the increasing of shrimp shell waste, shrimp head and crab shell. Meanwhile, the processing of shrimp and crab shell is still limited in Tarakan. This research intended to know of the content chitosan of shrimp and crab shell. The research method that is used in this research was descriptive analysis of shrimp shell waste and crab shell with four times repetition. The result showed that the highest yield chitosan in crab shell was 46.30% and the lowest yeild chitosan in shrimp shell was 30.63%. Based on the result of water content analysis, the highest value in shrimp shell was 6.94% < 10% and the lowest water content in crab shell was 6.78% < 10%. Keywords : shrimp shell waste, crab shell, yield, and water content.

Shrimp meat is consumed globally on a large scale, and their processing releases a large amount of shell waste. The major constituents of shrimp shells are chitin, proteins, calcium carbonate, and lipids. To extract chitin from the shrimp shell, it has to undergo deproteination (DP) to remove the proteins and demineralization (DM) to separate the minerals. Traditionally shrimp shell wastes were dried and directly added as a fertilizer to soil or added in animal feed or dumped in landfills. In recent years, shrimp shell wastes are valorized for producing chitin, chitosan, and other beneficial products like protein hydrolysates, carotenoids, lactic acid, etc. Industries producing chitin are employing chemicals like hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide for demineralization and deproteination, respectively, and the residual water is dumped into the water bodies. Considering environmentally friendly approaches, the usage of microorganisms has been tried out for chitin extraction from the shrimp shell. The recent review highlights the production of chitin using microorganisms and mentions other recent greener approaches in chitin production.

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid derivative compound with various benefits, one of which is as an antioxidant, making astaxanthin applicable in drugs and cosmetics. Astaxanthin is discoverable in various sources, with shrimp as its main source. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of astaxanthin extracted from shrimp shell and head wastes. Extraction was carried out using the soxhletation method, followed by saponification to obtain free astaxanthin. Astaxanthin in extract before and after saponification were identified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity assay was carried out in five variations of sample concentrations using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Extraction of shrimp shell and head wastes resulted in an oil yield percentage of 1.02 and 3.05 % of dry mass in 60 g of shrimp shells, respectively. Identification results showed astaxanthin content in extracts after saponification were higher than that before saponification. There are three thin layer chromatography (TLC) separation spots and two UV-Vis absorption peaks in extracts before and after saponification. Antioxidant activity assay results (IC50) of shrimp shell extract before and after saponification showed antioxidant activity of 572.0 and 186.6 mg/L, respectively. Astaxanthin merupakan senyawa turunan karotenoid dengan beragam manfaat, salah satunya sebagai antioksidan, sehingga membuat astaxanthin dapat diaplikasikan dalam obat-obatan dan kosmetik. Astaxanthin dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai sumber, dengan sumber utama adalah udang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas antioksidan astaxanthin yang diekstraksi dari limbah kulit dan kepala udang. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode soxhletasi, dilanjutkan dengan saponifikasi untuk mendapatkan astaxanthin bebas. Hasil ekstraksi dan saponifikasi diidentifikasi astaxanthinnya menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan pada lima variasi konsentrasi sampel menggunakan metode 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Ekstraksi limbah kulit dan kepala udang menghasilkan rendemen masing-masing sebesar 3,05 dan 1,02% massa kering dari 60 g kulit udang. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan kadar astaxanthin dari ekstrak setelah saponifikasi lebih tinggi daripada sebelum saponifikasi. Terdapat tiga spot pemisahan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) serta dua puncak serapan UV-Vis pada ekstrak sebelum dan setelah saponifikasi. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan (IC50) kulit udang sebelum dan setelah saponifikasi masing-masing adalah 572,000 dan 186,583 mg/L.

The main objective of this study was to obtain chitin in pure form from a new crustacean waste material for industrial applications. Black tiger shrimp shell wastes are a rich source of protein and valuable bioactive carbohydrate polymers such as chitin. After removal of carotenoid, Black tiger shrimp shell wastes (BTSHWs) were treated with chemicals and protease enzyme to extract chitin. Box–Behnken response surface methodology was applied to optimize the deproteinization process to obtain chitin. At optimal pH (8.82), temperature (50.05 °C), agitation speed (100.98 rpm), enzyme substrate ratio of 1:8 (wv−1) and 72 h of incubation with Paenibacillus woosongensis TKB2 crude protease cocktail, 80 % deproteinization was found along with 77.28 % recovery of chitin. The valuable oligopeptides were determined by MALDI-TOF analysis and analysis of adequate amount of free amino acids in protein hydrolysate from BTSHW, indicating a high nutritional value used for food, feed or as a nitrogen source in growth medium for microorganisms. The chitin obtained was compared with the commercial chitin using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and 13C CP/MAS-NMR. Chitin obtained from crude protease treatment showed comparable physicochemical and structural properties to those of the commercial chitin. The carotenoid obtained after treatment can be used for medicinal purpose.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13205-014-0245-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The main objective of this study was to obtain chitin in pure form from a new crustacean waste material for industrial applications. Black tiger shrimp shell wastes are a rich source of protein and valuable bioactive carbohydrate polymers such as chitin. After removal of carotenoid, Black tiger shrimp shell wastes (BTSHWs) were treated with chemicals and protease enzyme to extract chitin. Box–Behnken response surface methodology was applied to optimize the deproteinization process to obtain chitin. At optimal pH (8.82), temperature (50.05 °C), agitation speed (100.98 rpm), enzyme substrate ratio of 1:8 (wv−1) and 72 h of incubation with Paenibacillus woosongensis TKB2 crude protease cocktail, 80 % deproteinization was found along with 77.28 % recovery of chitin. The valuable oligopeptides were determined by MALDI-TOF analysis and analysis of adequate amount of free amino acids in protein hydrolysate from BTSHW, indicating a high nutritional value used for food, feed or as a nitrogen source in growth medium for microorganisms. The chitin obtained was compared with the commercial chitin using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and 13C CP/MAS-NMR. Chitin obtained from crude protease treatment showed comparable physicochemical and structural properties to those of the commercial chitin. The carotenoid obtained after treatment can be used for medicinal purpose.

Highly efficient shrimp shell recovery by solid-state fermentation with Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3