Characterization of a new selenoprotein methionine sulfoxide reductase from Haematococcus pluvialis and its antioxidant activity in response to high light intensity, hydrogen peroxide, glyphosate, and cadmium exposure

Abstract

Selenium incorporates into selenocysteine (Sec) which is a key component of selenoproteins implicated in antioxidant defense and redox homeostasis. Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) play crucial roles in cellular defense against environmental stress. Whereas mammals have the MsrB selenoprotein form, unicellular organisms have MsrA. The Sec residue at the conserved catalytic sites of selenoprotein MsrA confers a metabolic advantage over the non-selenoprotein type MsrA. In the present study, the novel selenoprotein HpMsrA from Haematococcus pluvialis was cloned by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends and transformed into the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Alignment of homologs revealed the presence of the conserved catalytic domain GUFW and showed that the HpMsrA protein comprises Sec (U) at the N-terminus but no recycled Cys at the C-terminus. We studied the response of HpMsrA expression to selenite, high light intensity, hydrogen peroxide, cadmium nitrate, and glyphosate exposure via real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme activity analysis. The results demonstrated that HpMsrA protects cellular proteins against oxidative and environmental stressors. Compared with wild type C. reinhardtii, the transformant exhibited a superior antioxidant ability. The discoveries made herein shed light on the antioxidant physiology and environmental stress resistance mechanisms of the selenoproteins in microalgae. This information may aid in conducting environmental risk assessments of aquatic ecosystems involving microalgae known to respond rapidly and quantitatively to abiotic stress factors promoting excessive reactive oxygen species generation.