Characterization and ballistic performance of hybrid jute and aramid reinforcing graphite nanoplatelets in high-density polyethylene nanocomposites

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Hybrid nanocomposites have emerged as a promising solution for engineering applications associated with reduced costs and weight aiming to enhance performance in special areas such as ballistic protection. This study delves into the development of hybrid nanocomposites featuring a high-density polyethylene matrix modified with graphite nanoplatelets and reinforced by aramid and jute fabrics. The incorporation of GNP significantly influences the crystalline structure of the GNP/HDPE matrix, as evidenced by Raman and X-ray diffraction analyses. Furthermore, it assumes an important role in modifying the crystallization and glass transition temperatures (Tc and Tg) and influencing the dynamic mechanical behavior. Specifically, it increases viscoelastic stiffness, raises the storage modulus by more than 30 %, and reduces the tanδ value. In addition, replacing 5 layers of jute fabric with an equivalent number of aramid layers maintains comparable ballistic performance to a 20-layer aramid nanocomposite. This substitution yields a remarkable 659.41 J of absorbed energy and a limit velocity of 405.72 m/s. Additionally, a hybrid nanocomposite comprising 10 layers each of jute and aramid showcases impressive ballistic resistance against 9 mm caliber ammunition, achieving 419.84 J of absorbed energy and a limit velocity of 320.13 m/s. Scanning electron microscopy analysis exposes the intricate fracture mechanisms, encompassing phenomena such as crazing, GNP/HDPE fibrillation, fiber rupture, and debonding. These mechanisms are significant in the composite's energy absorption during a projectile impact. Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis underscores the potential of hybrid nanocomposites in ballistic protection by simultaneously reducing both helmet weight and cost in 7 % and 40 %, respectively.