Abstract
Tendencies in rhythmic gymnastics were investigated, to obtain basic information about the of performance gymnastics. Participants were gymnasts (N = 27: 22 experienced gymnasts and 5 junior gymnasts) that participated in individual exercises at the 66th Japan rhythmic gymnastics competition. We examined four exercises, hoop, ball, clubs, and ribbons. For each exercise, we recorded the time and the number of “Body Difficulties” and the time taken to execute one Difficulty. Moreover, we recorded the time for each movement.Then, we used these values to examine the reliability and validity of the chronological index of a composition. The correlation between each index and the Difficulty score was calculated for each apparatus. Based on the scoring rules for “Difficulty”, the duration of Body Difficulty was defined from preparation to the end of each Difficulty. We conducted a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the apparatus and movements as independent variables, which indicated a significant interaction effect in the number of Difficulties that were executed. Moreover, there was a significant main effect of apparatus and movement. Furthermore, performance time showed significant interaction effects (all p 0.01). However, no significant interaction was observed for the time for executing each Difficulty.
Highlights
The Body Difficulty was the object of research, because the Body Difficulty among the four elements making up the Difficulty score (D score) was the most allocated point and was important
We examined the relationship between the D score as an index of technical competence and the execution time of Body Difficulty
A new index, consisting of a chronological perspective to analyze execution time and the number of Difficulties that is the subject of technical evaluation, was introduced
Summary
The rules for scoring in rhythmic gymnastics are revised every four years after the Olympics. The rules revised in 2013 after the London Olympics, indicated that exercises were to be scored with the maximum 20 points, which accounted for Difficulty and Execution. The Difficulty score (D score) and the Execution score (E score) are each scored with a maximum of 10 points. The actual evaluation consists of the Artistic Faults and Technical Faults, and the referees evaluate the exercise from artistic and technical perspectives by subtracting points (Figure 1). The Difficulty of a performance consists of four categories: conventional Body Difficulty, Dynamic Elements with Rotation and Throw, and the newly added Dance Step Combinations that need to last longer than eight seconds, and Mastery of the Apparatus (Figure 2). The Body Difficulty consists of three kinds of movements: jump, balance, and rotation (Figure 3)
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