Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- (S. 4,[5]12:i:-) is believed to be a monophasic variant of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). This study was conducted to corroborate this hypothesis and to identify the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of the S. 4,[5]12:i:- isolates in Japan. A total of 51 S. 4,[5]12:i:- isolates derived from humans, cattle, swine, chickens, birds, meat (pork), and river water in 15 prefectures in Japan between 2000 and 2010 were analyzed. All the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates were identified as S. Typhimurium by two different polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for identification of S. Typhimurium. Of the 51 S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates, 39 (76.5%) harbored a 94-kb virulence plasmid, which is known to be specific for S. Typhimurium. These data suggest that the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates are monophasic variants of S. Typhimurium. The flagellar phase variation is induced by three adjacent genes (fljA, fljB, and hin) in the chromosome. The results of PCR mapping of this region and comparative genomic hybridization analysis suggested that the deletion of the fljAB operon and its flanking region was the major genetic basis of the monophasic phenotype of S. 4,[5],12:i:-. The fljAB operon and hin gene were detectable in eight of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates with common amino acid substitutions of A46T in FljA and R140L in Hin. The introduction of these mutations into S. Typhimurium isolates led to the loss of selectability of isolates expressing the phase 2 H antigen. These data suggested that a point mutation was the genetic basis, at least in part, of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates. The results of phenotypic analysis suggested that the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates in Japan consist of multiple distinct clones. This is the first detailed characterization of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates derived from various sources across Japan.
Highlights
Nontyphoidal salmonellae are one of the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans as well as salmonellosis in domestic and wild animals worldwide [1]
The incidence of human salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- (S. 4,[5],12:i:-) has been increasing in Europe, North and South America, and Asia since the mid-1990s [5,6,7,8,9]
Typhimurium, (ii) to elucidate the genetic basis of the monophasic phenotype of the S. 4,[5],12:i:isolates, (iii) to identify the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates in Japan because only limited information is currently available
Summary
Nontyphoidal salmonellae are one of the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans as well as salmonellosis in domestic and wild animals worldwide [1]. 4,[5],12:i:-) has been increasing in Europe, North and South America, and Asia since the mid-1990s [5,6,7,8,9]. The incidence of human salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- This serovar is currently among the 10 most common serovars responsible for human infections in a variety of countries, including the second and sixth most prevalent serovar in Germany [10] and the United States [11], respectively. Larger outbreaks caused by this serovar have been reported in the United States and Luxemburg [13,14]
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