Characteristics of Exoplanets in Transiting Systems HD 189733 and HD 209458: Considering the Four-Parameter Law of Star Darkening within the Framework of a Three-Dimensional Model of Its Atmosphere

A 1D model of glow low-pressure CO2 discharges is developed. In the framework of this model, simulation of stationary and repetitively pulsed discharges at pressure ranging from 0.5 to 5 Torr and current from 10 to 50 mA is performed. The obtained plasma characteristics are compared with the available experimental results and with the data evaluated based on the approximate 0D approach. The results of 0D and 1D calculations agree for most of plasma parameters, except for the molar fraction of CO molecules produced at CO2 dissociation by electron impact. Agreement between the measured and calculated, in the framework of the 1D model, values of the CO molar fraction is provided by modifying the expression of the dissociation rate constant vs the reduced electric field.

Modeling Enterprise Architecture requires representing multiple diagrams of an enterprise, which typically shows the multiples business entities, IT systems, even software components and the services they offer. This could be done by a team of stakeholders having different backgrounds. One way to do this is to structure the model into hierarchical levels each of which can be of interest of just some, not all, stakeholders. Due to the differences in their background, stakeholders – the modelers may not want to use a single modeling approach, even a widely-recognized one, to build the enterprise model, which can be shared by the whole team. Developing a modeling framework that can be applied uniformly throughout the entire enterprise model and that can be used by all stakeholders is challenging. First, the framework should have a uniform approach to specifying the services offered by business entities, IT systems and software components and to describing their implementation across hierarchical levels. Second, the framework should allow the stakeholders to represent the service specification and the service implementation of multiple business entities and IT systems, even within the same hierarchical level. Third, the services offered by those entities and systems should be represented at different levels of granularity. Last but not least, the modeling framework should maintain the well-formedness of the enterprise model and the consistency between different diagrams opened by different stakeholders of the team. Today, there exist a few modeling methods or development processes in the field of Enterprise Architecture, as well as in software and system modeling that can address these issues to some extent. Among them, Adora, KobrA and OPM best meet the aforementioned four criteria, although they were not initially developed for modeling Enterprise Architecture. As a study on the state of the art, we analyzed these methods with respect to the four aforementioned modeling challenges. In this thesis, we define a modeling language and present a computer-aided tool for modeling Enterprise Architecture hierarchically. This modeling language allows the modeler to structure an enterprise into hierarchical levels, in terms of both organization and services. The computer-aided modeling tool helps the modeler visually build her model across levels and brings all levels together to make a coherent, well-formed model. Enterprise models can be visually built and represented in a notation that is based on the Unified Modeling Language using this tool. The modeling language is formally defined in Alloy – a lightweight declarative language based on first order logic and set theory. The data manipulated in the tool is verified against the Alloy code that formalizes the language. The modeling language and the computer-aided modeling tool constitute a hierarchy-oriented framework called SeamCAD that specifically address the four aforementioned issues. This framework has been applied several projects, both in industry and academic settings. We evaluated it by inviting external practitioners, researchers and master's students in our university to use it and to give their feedback.

The National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC) of the University of California, Irvine (UCI), has developed and applied a dynamic simulation and control system development approach for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) systems for almost two decades. The approach is thoroughly vetted and peer-reviewed. Simplifications (for reasonable computational effort) are required to solve the dynamic conservation equations (mass, energy, momentum) for complete systems over time because transient responses range from milliseconds to hours and the systems are comprised of multiple highly coupled and integrated components with complex feedback and recirculation. Typical bulk model methodologies (e.g., representing each component as a single node with a single set of uniform conditions) avoid much of the computational rigor, but miss key system interactions and underlying SOFC and SOEC component constraints. Many bulk models attempt to address the non-uniform distribution of reactions, temperatures, and gas composition with linearization that approximates steady operation. These approximations, typically made at nominal operating conditions, are a poor proxy for the non-uniform distributions at part load and are particularly inadequate to represent the nonlinear transient responses that must be addressed with integrated control schemes. Since SOFC and SOEC performance is inherently spatially dependent, that is, the major performance characteristics (e.g., temperature and current density) cannot be well predicted without knowledge of the spatial variations in temperature, species concentrations, etc., some degree of spatial resolution is required. An approach is presented for determining the limited spatial resolution of the geometry in such a way as to capture only the directions in which major parameters that govern performance change significantly. When applicable, symmetry within the stack and within individual repeating units of the stack is used to reduce computational effort. Typically, the most significant spatial variations of the physics, chemistry, and electrochemistry governing performance are one-dimensional (1D), for example, representing a single gas flow channel or flow path. On the other hand, cross-flow or serpentine flow patterns, or significant heat loss near the cell edges necessitates a two-dimensional (2D) model. The key simplifications to geometric resolution and timescales that are recommended are presented in a detailed description of the dynamic modeling approach. Governing equations for the physics, chemistry, and electrochemistry for SOFC and SOEC systems are presented in a manner that allows ease of application in standard math toolboxes. A complete SOFC system model and modeling framework are presented, which includes a spatially resolved cell stack, spatially resolved variable flow direction heat exchangers, and spatially resolved reformer modules. When fuel and oxidant flow manifolds or significant heat losses effect the temperature distributions in the cell stacks, then an approach for accounting for the coupling of this physics with the cell performance is presented. Presentation of the dynamic SOFC/SOEC system modeling approach is followed by presentation of two examples of model verification by data–model comparisons. The model verification efforts include application to a stand-alone integrated fuel processing SOFC system and a hybrid solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine (SOFC–GT) system. Control system development and evaluation using the dynamic system modeling approach are demonstrated by the application of the approach to stand-alone SOFC systems of various configurations and to an experimental SOFC–GT system. The transient response and control of these systems in response to fuel composition perturbations and load-following power demands are presented as examples that demonstrate the success of the control system development approach.

Geophysical surveys, particularly with ground-penetrating radar (GPR), have been proven useful tools for the detection and mapping of tile drainage in agricultural fields (Wienken & Grenzdorffer, 2024). However, the success of a GPR survey for this purpose depends on both the characteristics of the tile drain pipes, such as their material, diameter, and depth – which are often poorly documented – as well as environmental conditions, such as soil texture and moisture content. Furthermore, these environmental conditions can be highly variable in space and dynamic over time, adding to the challenge of assessing in advance whether a GPR survey will be worth the investment.To assess the likelihood of successfully detecting tile drainage networks before planning a field survey, we developed a synthetic modelling framework using the open-source software gprMax (Warren et al., 2016). The framework evaluates how selected parameters influence the GPR signal, focusing on the reflection contrast expected when the electromagnetic wave interacts with a drainpipe in a simplified one-dimensional (1D) model. Whether detection is possible is determined by comparing the simulated reflection contrast with a general noise threshold typical for a time-domain GPR system with a specified centre frequency. In this study, all synthetic modelling tests were performed for a GPR system with a centre frequency of 300 MHz.We explored the sensitivity of the GPR signal to soil texture, soil moisture content, as well as the radius, depth, and filling of the drainpipe, considering a laterally homogeneous soil profile composed of one or two layers. The validity of the modelling framework was assessed by comparing the predicted detectability with the detection success/failure in two real field cases with sandy and clayey soil types. While the synthetic model predicted feasible detection for the sandy field, no clear contrasts were visible in the radargrams after basic processing. This suggests the need for further refinement of the synthetic model, such as incorporating more complex soil variations and a more detailed representation of the drainpipe structure. Nevertheless, the modelling framework provides useful guidelines for planning and designing GPR field surveys, without requiring extensive prior information on site conditions.Further research is recommended to explore additional centre frequencies, more complex soil structures, and the incorporation of higher-dimensional approaches (2D or even 3D) to extend the current modelling framework. However, it should balance complexity with practical applicability, as real field conditions are never entirely predictable and models must simplify certain aspects due to incomplete knowledge.ReferencesWarren, C., Giannopoulos, A., & Giannakis, I. (2016). gprMax: Open source software to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation for Ground Penetrating Radar. Computer Physics Communications, 209, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2016.08.020Wienken, J. S., & Grenzdorffer, G. J. (2024). Non-invasive detection methods for subsurface drainage systems: A comparative review. Agricultural Water Management, 304, 109099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109099

Abstract. With the development of real 3D model production technology and the expansion of application field, people pay more and more attention to the quality of real 3D model. However, how to measure the quality of today's real 3D model have been bothering its producers and users. In this paper, we analysed the quality model of real scene 3D model based on oblique photography from the perspective of the third party. Our analysis is guided by the application requirements of real scene 3D model, combined with the existing production technology level. Our analysis is guided by the application requirements of real scene 3D model, combined with the existing production technology level, we established the quality framework of real scene 3D model. This quality framework of real 3D model includes nine quality elements. Using this quality framework, we made a quality evaluation test in Yingjing County, Sichuan Provence. The test results show that the quality framework can fully reflect the quality of the real scene 3D model. The quality framework of real scene 3D model established in this paper solves the problem that it is difficult to evaluate the quality of real scene 3D model. The quality framework provides a basis for comprehensive and objective evaluation of real scene 3D model quality.

This chapter presents methods for constructing reservoir-model frameworks. A reservoir model framework is a representation of reservoir architecture, and it incorporates geological variables that segregate large heterogeneities in the reservoir. A framework without using faults is termed unfaulted framework and its main inputs are stratigraphic elements. A framework constructed with faults is termed faulted framework and it incorporates both stratigraphic elements and faults. A reservoir-model framework is also termed geocellular model because the 3D model is composed of discretized cells that are subsequently filled with reservoir properties. Heterogeneities of petrophysical properties of a reservoir cannot be accurately described without a 3D geocellular model framework.

National water, food, and trade modeling framework: The case of Egypt

3D stochastic modeling framework for Quaternary sediments using multiple-point statistics: A case study in Minjiang Estuary area, southeast China

Exploiting one-dimensional improved Chebyshev chaotic system and partitioned diffusion based on the divide-and-conquer principle for 3D medical model encryption

This paper outlines a new approach for digitally recording cultural heritage sites from laser scan data or photogrammetric data. This approach involves 3D modelling stage and the integration of the 3D model into a 3D GIS for further management and analysis. The modelling stage is carried out using a new concept; Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM). HBIM uses Building Information Modelling (BIM) software with parametric and procedural modelling techniques to automate the modelling stage. The HBIM process involves a reverse engineering solution whereby parametric objects representing architectural elements are mapped onto laser scan or photogrammetric survey data. A library of parametric architectural objects has been designed from historic manuscripts and architectural pattern books. These parametric objects were built using an embedded scripting language within the BIM software called Geometric Descriptive Language (GDL). Using this embedded scripting language, elements of procedural modelling have also been replicated to automatically combine library objects based on architectural rules and proportions. If required the position of elements can be manually refined while overlaying the automatically generated model with the original survey data. After the 3D model has been generated the next stage involves integrating the 3D model into a 3D GIS for further analysis. The international framework for 3D city modelling, CityGML has been adopted for this purpose. CityGML provides an interoperable framework for modelling 3D geometries, semantics, topology and appearance properties [14]. CityGML enables further historical information to be added to the model and allows for efficient management and analysis of all data relating to a heritage site. The aim of this research is to bridge the gap between parametric CAD modelling and 3D GIS while using benefits from both systems to help document and analyse cultural heritage sites.

A new modelling framework, called μic, has been developed to enable simulations of complex particulate growths, in particular the microstructural evolution of hydrating cement paste. μic has been developed using the vector approach, which preserves the multi-scale nature of the cement microstructure. Support libraries built into the framework enable fast simulation of systems containing millions of particles, allowing every single particle in a system to be modelled and all the interactions to be calculated. The modelling framework has been developed using object oriented programming and its extensible and flexible architecture, due to this microstructural development mechanisms and algorithms can be easily added. The framework facilitates the otherwise complex task of modelling new systems and phenomena. The microstructures generated by μic can be used to obtain important information that can in the future be used to model the evolution of mechanical properties and durability-related phenomena. The model can also be used to study the mechanisms of microstructural development of cement. Various models of cement hydration kinetics and the reaction mechanism were tested using μic. It was observed that while the traditional approach to the nucleation and growth mechanism could be used to explain the acceleration of reaction-rates during the early hydration of cement pastes, the subsequent deceleration could not be reproduced. If a diffusion controlled mechanism is used to explain the deceleration, changes larger than an order of magnitude in the transport properties of C-S-H have to be assumed. Furthermore, the rate of change of reaction rates shows a continuous linear evolution through the reaction peak and the thickness around different particle sizes would be very different at the onset of the supposed diffusion regime. It was found that it is possible to explain the hydration kinetics during the first 24 hours using a nucleation and growth mechanism when a loosely packed C-S-H with a lower bulk density is assumed to form. It is proposed that this loosely packed C-S-H fills a large fraction of the microstructure within a few hours of hydration and that its density continues to increase due to an internal growth process within the bulk of the product. It was found that an initial density of C-S-H between 0.1 g/cc and 0.2 g/cc was required in order to fit the observed experimental behaviour. While this density is much lower than the generally accepted range of 1.7 g/cc to 2.1 g/cc, this low packing density can explain the absence of water in large capillary pores observed in NMR measurements that study cement hydration on wet samples, and the fibrous or ribbon-like nanostructure of C-S-H observed in high-resolution TEM images. The current study demonstrates the versatility of μic and how the possibility of modelling different phenomena on a multi-scale three-dimensional model can prove to be an important tool to achieve better understanding of cement hydration. It was also shown that the use of mechanistic, rather than empirical, rules can improve the predictive power of the models.

This paper presents a general texture mapping framework for image-based 3D modeling. It aims to generating seamless texture map for 3D model created by real-world photos under uncontrolled environment. Our proposed method addresses two challenging problems: 1) texture discontinuity due to system error in 3D modeling from self-calibration; 2) color/lighting difference among images due to real-world uncontrolled environments. The general framework contains two stages to resolve these problems. The first stage globally optimizes the registration of texture patches and triangle faces with Markov Random Field (MRF) to optimize texture mosaic. The second stage does local radiometric correction to adjust color difference between texture patches and then blend texture boundaries to improve color continuity. The proposed method is evaluated on several 3D models by image-based 3D modeling, and demonstrates promising results.

Socio-technical systems consist of many heterogeneous decision making entities and technological artefacts. These systems are governed through public policy that unravels in a multi-scale institutional context, which ranges from norms and values to technical standards. Simulation, agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS) in particular, is an exploratory approach to gain insights into socio-technical systems and investigate the possible outcomes of policy interventions. However, to really understand and link various levels of behaviour in these systems and increase the usability of ABMS, we need to overcome the conceptual and practical limitations of this approach. In this research, we investigate how we can build social structures in agent-based models and how to increase the utility of ABMS for problem owners. To give social structure to agent-based models of socio-technical systems, we designed a modelling framework based on the Institutional Analysis and Development framework of Elinor Ostrom. To facilitate the use of ABMS by modellers with different levels of expertise, we provided tool support which also facilitates participatory model development. The overall outcome of this research is the MAIA modelling platform which consists of (1) a modelling framework for conceptualizing agent-based models of socio-technical systems, (2) a web tool that facilitates the conceptualization process, (3) transformation protocols that enable the translation of models into simulations and (4) software modules that facilitate semi-automatic translation of MAIA models to simulation code.

Predictive virtual modelling framework for performance and platinum degradation modelling of high temperature PEM fuel cells

This paper outlines a two stage approach for digitally recording cultural heritage sites. This approach involves a 3D modeling stage and the integration of the 3D model into a 3D GIS for further management and analysis. The modeling stage is carried out using a new concept; Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) which has been developed at the Dublin Institute of Technology [12]. Historic Building Information Modeling is a system for modeling historic structures from laser scan and photogrammetric data using Building Information Modeling (BIM) software. The HBIM process involves a reverse engineering solution whereby parametric objects representing architectural elements are mapped onto laser scan or photogrammetric survey data. A library of parametric architectural objects has been designed from historic manuscripts and architectural pattern books. These parametric objects were built using an embedded scripting language within the BIM software called Geometric Descriptive Language (GDL). These objects are combined and mapped onto the survey data to build the entire model. After the 3D model has been created the next stage involves integrating the 3D model into a 3D GIS for further analysis. The international framework for 3D city modeling, CityGML has been adopted for this purpose. CityGML provides an interoperable framework for modeling 3D geometries, semantics, topology and appearance properties [13]. The aim of this research is to bridge the gap between parametric CAD modeling and 3D GIS while using benefits from both systems to help document and analyze cultural heritage sites.