Characteristics of breeding programs in dairy farming (criteria and goals)

The article presents the economic efficiency of the use of innovative technologies in dairy farms, in particular, the technology of keeping calves on the example of three dairy farms containing 1000 or more dairy cows (AIC “Adal” JSC, Aidarbayev farm, LLP “Agrofirm“ Dinara-Ranch “of the Almaty region), which made it possible to determine the development potential of these farms, to give an economic assessment of the level of production. The presented calculation of the economic efficiency of model farms for the dairy industry of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan made it possible to ensure a reasonable transfer and adaptation of technologies for the automation of technological processes for the production of livestock products in dairy cattle breeding in Kazakhstan, which will contribute to the achievement of goals, objectives and indicators as part of the implementation of the State Program for the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2017-2021 Reducing the volume of milk production and the level of its consumption is a technological backwardness, since the share of dairy farms using modern technologies and equipment is 10-15% of their total number. In addition, the equipment of new and reconstructed dairy complexes and farms does not always correspond to modern technological requirements for keeping and feeding highly productive livestock. As a result, their biological potential is far from being fully realized, which negatively affects the provision of the population with milk and dairy products of domestic production. Taking into account the long duration of the reproduction cycle and the low rate of capital turnover in dairy cattle breeding, the introduction of innovations occurs in the sub-industry with some delay compared to other sub-sectors (pig and poultry farming). One of the tools for modernizing dairy farming in the current conditions is the introduction of modern digital, information and intelligent technologies (artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and the industrial Internet). Their implementation can turn milk production into a high-tech business, increase labor productivity due to the emergence of super-productive animal breeds, solutions for accelerated selection; high quality feed and veterinary drugs; innovative delivery services.

Молочное скотоводство является одной из наиболее перспективных и в то же время проблемных подотраслей аграрного сектора экономики. За период экономических реформ подотрасль претерпела негативные качественные и количественные изменения, что привело к снижению объема производства сырого молока в Краснодарском крае. Молочное скотоводство имеет свои особенности, которые оказывают влияние на процесс воспроизводства. Участие в воспроизводственном процессе живых организмов, развитие которых происходит по законам природы, является важнейшей из них. Развитие экономических и производственных отношений в молочном скотоводстве осуществляется посредством хозяйственного механизма. В статье подчеркивается несовершенство действующего в настоящее время в подотрасли хозяйственного механизма. Рассматривается влияние различных факторов на снижение объема производства молока, а также возможность повышения эффективности воспроизводственного процесса в молочном скотоводстве за счет совершенствования хозяйственного механизма. Разработке практических рекомендаций по его совершенствованию посвящено проводимое в рамках статьи исследование. Постоянный рост затрат не позволяет большинству отечественных животноводческих организаций конкурировать с высоко субсидированной продукцией импортного производства. Обоснована необходимость государственной поддержки подотрасли. Сделан вывод, что повышение молочной продуктивности коров и увеличение объема субсидий, полученных на 1 кг молока, способствуют росту прибыли от его реализации. Автором установлено, что предоставление государственных бюджетных средств на повышение молочной продуктивности ведет к двукратному повышению уровня рентабельности реализуемой продукции. Одним из путей совершенствования хозяйственного механизма является также переход на интенсивный путь развития. Доказано, что за счет повышения уровня интенсивности производства увеличивается выход продукции в расчете на одну голову скота и снижается себестоимость единицы продукции. В совершенствовании хозяйственного механизма необходим системный подход, который будет способствовать повышению эффективности воспроизводственного процесса в молочном скотоводстве, достижению параметров продовольственной безопасности по молоку и молокопродуктам A dairy cattle breeding is one of the most promising and at the same time problematic sub‑sectors of the agriculture. During the period of economic reforms, the sub‑sector has undergone negative qualitative and quantitative changes, which led to a decrease in production of the raw milk in Krasnodar region. A dairy cattle breeding has its own characteristics, which have an impact on the reproduction process. Participation in the reproductive process of living organisms, development of which takes place according to the laws of nature, is the most important of them. The development of economic and industrial relations in dairy cattle breeding is carried out through the economic mechanism. The article highlights the imperfection of the current economic mechanism in the sub‑sector. The influence of various factors on the reduction of milk production, as well as the possibility of improving the efficiency of the reproductive process in dairy cattle breeding by improving the economic mechanism are examined. The research conducted within the framework of the article is devoted to development of practical recommendations for its improvement. The constant growth of costs does not allow the majority of domestic livestock organizations to compete with highly subsidized imported products. The necessity of state support of the sub‑sector is substantiated. It is concluded that the increase in milk productivity of cows and the increase in subsidies per 1 kg of milk contributes to the growth of profits from its implementation. The author found that the provision of state budget funds to increase milk productivity leads to a twofold increase in the level of profitability of the products sold. One of the ways to improve the economic mechanism is also the transition to an intensive development path. It is proved that by increasing the intensity of production the yield per 1 head of cattle will be increased and the cost per unit of production will be reduced. Improvement of the economic mechanism requires a systematic approach, which will help to improve the efficiency of the reproductive process in the dairy cattle breeding, to achieve the parameters of food security in milk and dairy products

An important problem in modern dairy cattle breeding is the achievement of a high level of genetic progress in economically important traits through the implementation of effective breeding programs. For this purpose, genomic selection is currently used in many countries of the world. The aim of the study was to investigate possibilities of use of genomic selection in dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine. On the basis of analysis of “Catalogue of sires of dairy and dual-purpose breeds for reproduction of cows in 2020” (sperm of these sires was used in Ukraine) two methods of breeding value estimation were compared: 1) traditional method based on pedigree and performance of progeny; 2) genomic method based on effects of SNPs. Considerable advantage of sires with genomic evaluations was proved. These sires excel sires with traditional evaluation for milk yield by 1.6 times, for fat percentage by 2.2 times, for fat yield by 1.7 times, for protein percentage by 2.1 times and for protein yield by 1.7 times. Using estimates of breeding values of sires pare-wise genetic correlations between main genetic traits were computed. The negative genetic relationship between milk yield and fat and protein percentages was revealed. Values of energy corrected milk (ECM) of daughters and dams of sires across breeds and countries of origin were calculated. It was shown that dams of sires of Holstein and Jersey breeds had highest values of energy corrected milk (9,132.0 kg and 8,041 kg, respectively) while dams of sires of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed had lowest values of this trait (5,848.1 kg). According to country-of-origin daughters of sire’s form USA, Canada and the Netherlands had highest values of energy corrected milk. Values of response to selection using traditional breeding program and genomic selection were compared. It was proved that by means of shortening generation intervals on pathways of genetic improvement “sires of bulls”, “sires of cows” and “dams of bulls” using genomic selection it is possible to increase rate of genetic progress for milk yield from 100.1 kg to 180.0 kg that is by 80%

Chapter 10 - Genetics and breeding of sheep and goats

The article considers the issues of increasing the efficiency of dairy production in agricultural enterprises and households. The main stages and their features in dairy farming development of the country and their impact on the efficiency of milk production in agricultural enterprises and households were highlighted. The reasons which cause decrease of cow livestock in both agricultural enterprises and households were identified. The inhibitory factors in the development of dairy cattle breeding were identified and the directions of its revival were outlined. It was substantiated that considering the current state and trends of dairy farming in Ukraine, its efficiency, government support measures should be aimed at increasing production mainly in farms of the corporate sector of the agricultural economy, which in the nearest future will become major producers of raw milk. It was determined that without the introduction of an effective system of government support for milk producers, which firstly will include the restoration of the special VAT regime, financing of dairy breeding revival at the state and regional level, it is impossible to have positive changes in increasing cows amount and increasing production efficiency, in addition the population of cows will continue to fall in the households. It is proved that today the system of breeding service, which was previously in Ukraine and allowed to conduct breeding at the appropriate level, is destroyed and does not work. It was concluded that further productivity growth and reproduction of animal’s livestock is extremely problematic due to the lack of a modern selection system in animal husbandry. It was established that the current level of profitability allows to ensure only simple reproduction in independent agricultural enterprises, mostly small and medium.It is true that in this situation, most farms in the corporate sector of the agricultural economy are trying to become part of vertically integrated structures of preserving and expanding their production activities on a qualitatively new material and technical base in the future.It was proved that the innovative type of dairy cattle breeding development will ensure the profitability of production and, accordingly, the growth of the income level of rural residents who are the employees of an agricultural enterprise. Measures of state and regional support of milk production in Ukraine were offered. Key words: dairy cattle breeding, agricultural enterprises, households, government support, milk processing plant.

This study evaluated the effects of inoculating corn silage and/or feeding a direct-fed microbial (PRO) on performance and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows. At harvesting, corn silage was treated either with water (culated or not [CON]) or Lactococcus lactis and Lentilactobacillus buchneri (INC; SiloSolve FC) at 1.5 × 105 cfu/g of corn silage. Ten mini silos and one farm-scale silo bunker per treatment were prepared for the laboratory and the lactating dairy cow trial, respectively. Five mini silos per treatment were opened on days 2 or 90 post-ensiling for pH measurement, as well as chemical analysis and aerobic stability, respectively. The farm-scale silo bunkers were opened 77 d post-ensiling for the beginning of the lactating cow trial. Eighty lactating Holstein cows were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to: (1) CON silage without PRO (CON-CON; n = 20), (2) CON silage with PRO at 14g/head/d (CON-PRO; n = 20), (3) INC silage without PRO (INC-CON; n = 20), and (4) INC silage with PRO at 14g/head/d (INC-PRO; n = 20). Concurrently with the feeding trial, eight cows per treatment were chosen for nutrient digestibility. The pH of the corn silage was not affected by the silage inoculant (P ≥ 0.29), but INC yielded greater concentration of acetic acid and longer aerobic stability (P < 0.01). Dairy cows fed INC had a lower mean total dry matter intake (DMI), milk protein content, and somatic cell counts vs. CON (P ≤ 0.02). On the other hand, milk and fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) production efficiency, milk urea-N, DM, crude protein, and starch digestibility were greater for INC-fed cows (P ≤ 0.03). Feeding direct-fed microbials (DFM) improved mean body weight, milk yield, and FPCM, as well as milk protein and lactose yield (P ≤ 0.05), but reduced milk fat and protein content (P = 0.02). A silage inoculant × DFM interaction was observed for milk production efficiency, milk protein and lactose content, and somatic cell count (P ≤ 0.05). Dairy cows fed INC-CON had a greater milk production efficiency and milk lactose content (P ≤ 0.04), but INC-PRO had lower milk protein content and SCC (P ≤ 0.03). In summary, inoculating L. lactis and L. buchneri increased acetic acid content and aerobic stability of corn silage, reduced DMI, but improved milk production efficiency and nutrient digestibility of lactating Holstein dairy cows. On the other hand, feeding PRO improved milk, protein, and lactose yield. Additionally, combining the feeding of an inoculated corn silage with PRO reduced milk somatic cell count.

The global dairy sector has been significantly impacted in recent years, with experts assessing the consequences as a serious threat to the food security of the world's population. The biggest destabilising factors for the industry were the effects of the pandemic, war, inflation and high energy prices. Despite the steady increase in demand for milk, there is currently no trend towards a recovery in production growth. Dairy producers are under constant pressure from the above factors, resulting in lower margins, difficult access to competitive capital, and constant adaptation to new regulations. In the current political, economic and climatic conditions, one of the possible ways to increase the profitability of the dairy industry as a major incentive to increase production is the widespread introduction of innovative technological approaches to milk production. The purpose of the article is to assess the state and trends in the implementation of innovative technological solutions in dairy farming in Ukraine on the example of Ukrainian breeding dairy farms. Research results. In order to ensure the survival of the national dairy industry during the active military phase, as well as its rapid development in the post-war period, created a Roadmap for the restoration of the dairy industry. The Roadmap is primarily aimed at ensuring sustainable long-term development of the dairy industry; creation and operation of highly efficient and financially sustainable dairy farms; stimulating the construction of modern dairy enterprises with widespread introduction of innovations aimed at increasing the international competitiveness of the industry. Our research has shown that in recent years, the dynamics of modernisation processes in Ukrainian dairy farming has accelerated. In particular, in the Holstein herds, the productivity of cows kept in dairy complexes increased by 1882 kg per cow, or 470 kg per year on average, in 2016–2020. At the same time, increasing the efficiency of milk production through the introduction of innovative technological solutions will result in a mega-trend of farm consolidation in the future. For example, in the US, 50.3% of milk is produced at industrial large-scale dairies with more than 1.000 cows, where the latest science and technology is used. The influence of the factor of production concentration on the efficiency of the use of breeding animals of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeds was studied. The average number of cows in the controlled breeding herds of dairy breeds in Ukraine (n = 350) in 2019 was 400 cows. The average milk yield per cow was 7.540 kg. According to the results of the analysis, as the number of cows in the farms grows, economic indicators such as revenue, profitability, and profitability increase. Conclusions. In recent years, a quarter of breeding farms for the most numerous specialised dairy breeds have been involved in the innovation process in pedigree dairy cattle breeding, with more than 50% of the number of breeding cows of these breeds concentrated there. The small herds used traditional technologies for keeping and using cows. The introduction of the latest innovative technological solutions for industrial milk production ensures an increase in revenues from its sale due to the growth of cow productivity. As the concentration of cows increases, the industry's performance indicators, such as milk yield, feed intake and the intensity of land use, are also increasing. The industry's profitability is increasing from 14.7% to over 24.2%. When creating new livestock complexes in the post-war period, the best international and domestic experience of the industry should be taken into account. The development of the dairy farming sector should be aimed at breeding specialised dairy cattle breeds and introducing innovative technologies for their maintenance, feeding and operation. Domestic specialised dairy breeds are at the level of the best European analogues in terms of productivity in industrial dairy complexes, and are superior in terms of reproduction and health, are economically viable and should become the basis for further development of the dairy cattle industry in Ukraine.

Modern and innovative dairy cattle breeding technologies are highly dependent on the level of mechanization. This article presents modern solutions for dairy cattle breeding, in particular, for livestock buildings, in which longitudinal development is possible in accordance with the farm’s needs as well as with obtaining additional energy from biogas and post-ferment for granulated organic fertilizer. In the analysed technology for milk production, methane fermentation, biogas yield, and the possibility of fertilizer production in the form of granules are considered. The presented modular cattle breeding technology includes sustainable production, which is economic; environmentally friendly, with preconditions in the facility including animal welfare; and socially acceptable, resulting from a high level of mechanization, which ensures both comfortable working conditions and high milk quality. The presented production line is an integral part of the milk production process with the possibility of organic fertilizer being used in the production of healthy food.

Problem setting. For quite some time now, the Industry 4.0 technological approach has been not only discussed but also actively implemented around the world. According to clause 2 of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On Promoting the Implementation of the Industry 4.0 Technological Approach in Ukraine” of 21.07.2021 No. 750, Industry 4.0 provides for comprehensive digitalization and automation of production processes and management in the real sector of the economy. We are impressed by the approach of scientists who emphasize that this can be achieved through the application of modern technologies in all spheres of public life, provided that a balanced state policy on digitalization, industrial and cluster development, stimulation of innovation and scientific activity, and, ultimately, the implementation of appropriate measures in many vectors: budget, tax, scientific and innovative, etc. is combined. It should be noted that the introduction of digital technologies in various spheres of public life is becoming increasingly important. analysis of recent researches and publications. The chosen research topic is currently very relevant. The study of the peculiarities of the use of modern digital technologies in various areas of public regulation was carried out by such specialists as: O. S. Balan, O. O. Dmytryk, A. S. Kolisnyk, V. Panasiuk, O. B. Semchenko-Kovalchuk, T. L. Shestakovska ect. At the same time, scholars are currently focusing on various aspects of the use of modern digital technologies, which is due to the specifics of the area in which certain technologies are used. the purpose of the research is to analyze the essence of modern digital technologies and the specifics of their application in public administration on the example of the financial sector. article’s main body. The article uses the example of the financial sector to reveal some aspects of the use of modern digital technologies in public administration. Based on the synthesis of existing scientific approaches, the authors outline the advantages, potential opportunities and disadvantages of blockchain technology (distributed ledger technology). The advantages include the following: decentralization, safety and security, immutability of already recorded data, openness and transparency, versatility, cost savings and acceleration of processes. The disadvantages of the studied technology: overestimation of the real capabilities of blockchain technology in public administration in the formation of public policy; excessive enthusiasm for the idea of removing the state from participation in many public processes; inability of a decentralized society to form and legalize new values of such a society, which will be used to further develop it; high energy dependence of the most common blockchain due to the complexity of the transaction, which makes it an expensive technology; scalability, etc. It is emphasized that the creation of high-quality legal regulation is of paramount importance for the integration of blockchain technology into the relevant areas of public administration. The researchers emphasize the importance of enshrining the definition of the “blockchain” category in legal acts, as well as the issues related to the use of blockchain in various areas of public administration. In addition to regulating the legal status of the blockchain, there is a need to create a high-quality (including legal) field for a wide range of participants in the field of public administration, built using modern digital technologies. These are: state and local governments, the private sector (business), relevant public organizations and representatives of higher education institutions (as experts in the relevant specialties). The cooperation of the above-mentioned entities is necessary to develop comprehensive and effective standards for the ability to interact with various elements of the blockchain system. In addition, the issue of ensuring the correlation of the legal norms governing the legal status of the blockchain with those legislative provisions governing the protection of private data is of particular importance. conclusions and prospects for the development. The author concludes that the use of blockchain technology is necessary in the administration of taxes and fees, as well as in accounting. This approach optimizes the activities of both tax authorities and taxpayers, and makes the course of tax and legal relations more convenient in the current environment.

The aim of the presentexperiment was to evaluate the influence of I 500 TU injection of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) at the mating program in the Fresian Holstein (FH) dairy cow on the performancesof milk production, quality, and production efficiency. The experimentwas performed at Banaran Village, Cepogo Subdistrict ofBoyolali District used twelve heifers and the-pregnant first parity cow of about 350-450 kg body weight. A split-plot experimental design with heifer (Pol and first parity (P1) as a main plot, and PMSG doses (T0 and T ,)as a sub plot. Thus the treatmentwere I) heifer with no PSMG injection (P0T0), 2) PMSG injected heifer (P0T,), 3) first parity cow with no PMSG injection, and4) PMSG injected first parity cow P,T,). Measurements were conducted on 90 days milk production, mass weight of milk, fat and lactose contents, and milk production efficiency. Results showed that average milk productions of not injected (804.67 l) and injected PMSG heifers ( 1,286.92 l) were significantly different (P 0.05) influenced average milk productions of first parity cows ( J.0491 versus 1,4832.52 J, for not injected and injected PMSG cow, respectively). Fat production of the not injected and injected PMSG heifers were 25.27 and 41.12 kg (P 0.05). Milk production efficiency of not injected and injected PMSG heifers were 11.13 and 18.45%, respectively (P 0.05). In general there were no significant differenton theeffectof PMSG injection on milk quality components (mass weight, fat and lactose contents). In conclusion, in the present experiment PMSG injection improved milk pro• duction and it efficiency, but did not improved milk quality.

The present experiment was carried out to study the influence of feeding linseed and linseed oil on feed conversion and milk production efficiency (gross efficiency of milk production and gross protein efficiency) in lactating Murrah buffaloes. For this purpose, 18 lactating Murrah buffaloes were grouped in control (T0), T1 and T2 (06 animals in each) on basis of average live weight (516.55±9.53 kg), milk yield (7.50±0.3 kg), fat percentage in milk (6.70±0.29%) and lactation stage (2 weeks after parturition). Murrah buffaloes in all three groups were fed a same ration, consist of available green fodder, wheat straw and concentrate (69.03:30.97; roughage: concentrate ratio) to fulfill their nutrient requirement for maintenance and milk production of experimental Murrah buffaloes. In the treatment group (T1) 250 g/d linseed oil and 570 g/d whole linseed (T2) was supplemented with basal ration. The experimental feeding to the Murrah buffaloes was started 15 days after parturition and continues for 60 days. However, the experimental data were taken for the period of 6 months (i.e. 180 days). A 7 days digestion trial was conducted at the last of feeding experiment to know the digestibility of nutrient. The milk production, 4% FCM yield, SCM yield, ECM yield, change in body weight, dry matter intake and roughage to concentrate ration didn’t differ significantly between groups. No significant difference was observed in nutrient intake (TDN and CP) between groups. The digestibility of organic nutrient also didn’t differ significantly among experimental groups. The average gross efficiency of milk production was 26.51% and average gross protein efficiency of milk production was 36.49% and didn’t differ significantly. The average feed conversion efficiency as milk yield (kg) / DMI (kg) was 0.61, FCM yield(kg) / DMI (kg) was 0.86, average ECM yield (kg) / DMI (kg) was 0.89 and average SCM yield (kg) / DMI (kg) was 0.85 in lactating Murrah buffaloes. It was concluded that feeding linseed and linseed oil in lactating Murrah buffaloes didn’t affect the milk production efficiency (gross efficiency of milk production and gross protein efficiency) and feed conversion efficiency.

Efficient milk production in mammals confers evolutionary advantages by facilitating the transmission of energy from mother to offspring. However, the regulatory mechanism responsible for the gradual establishment of milk production efficiency in mammals, from marsupials to eutherians, remains elusive. Here, we find that mammary gland of the marsupial sugar glider contained milk components during adolescence, and that mammary gland development is less dynamically cyclic compared to that in placental mammals. Furthermore, fused in sarcoma (FUS) is found to be partially responsible for this establishment of low efficiency. In mouse model, FUS inhibit mammary epithelial cell differentiation through the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57Kip2, leading to lactation failure and pup starvation. Clinically, FUS levels are negatively correlated with milk production in lactating women. Overall, our results shed light on FUS as a negative regulator of milk production, providing a potential mechanism for the establishment of milk production from marsupial to eutherian mammals.

The development of Internet marketing is extremely relevant and important for any business today, including agricultural enterprises. With the introduction of digital technologies and the growing influence of the Internet on our daily lives, consumers are increasingly using online channels to search for products and services. Agricultural enterprises that actively use online marketing have the opportunity to convey their message to a wide audience, attract new customers and increase brand awareness. Online platforms provide the agricultural sector with the ability to create personalized advertising, analyze user behavior, and respond quickly to changes in market conditions. The growing importance of online presence poses a challenge for agricultural businesses to develop effective online marketing strategies that meet their needs and industry specifics. Investing in digital marketing and the development of online communications will allow businesses to increase their competitiveness and ensure sustainable growth in today's digital world. For Ukrainian agricultural enterprises, the development of online marketing is extremely relevant. In addition, along with the rapid growth of the digital economy, the world is transitioning from traditional agriculture to digital-based agriculture. Progressive digital technologies, which are the basis for the formation of information systems, allow to obtain a significant consumer effect if they are used in the implementation of marketing activities. Internet marketing tools allow to increase the capacity of communication support of agricultural enterprises and improve communication with consumers. Based on these positions, it is advisable for agribusiness in general and agricultural enterprises in particular to master modern digital technologies, including Internet marketing, in order to operate successfully in the face of economic instability. The relevance of the development of Internet marketing for agricultural enterprises is undeniable, as it is a key tool for achieving success and ensuring sustainable development in the modern business environment. Scientific research is still dominated by an autonomous approach to the subject-object and content aspects of the theory of Internet marketing development, with little coverage of the interaction of digital tools with each other and the impact of social media on audience behavioral factors. There is still no unified approach to the role of the Internet marketing strategy and its impact on the development of agricultural enterprises. Thus, in scientific periodicals and professional literature, much attention is paid to the provisions of modern marketing theory, the theory of Internet marketing development, which is described in the scientific works of D. Semenda, O. Vinogradova, N. Nedopalko, M. Oaklander, O. Romanenko, F. Kotler, D. Jayne, L. Turchin, V. Ostroverkh, G. Armstrong. O. Marchuk, A. Slobodianyk, O. Mohylevska, L. Romanova, I. Salkov, D. Yatsiuk, N. Grechanyk, O. Vavrysh, O. Savchuk, S. Ilyashenko and other scholars. Such scholars as N. Reznik, S. Kobernyuk, V. Bondarenko, O. Lucius, A. Ryabchyk, D. Tilmani, Y. Larina, O. Garafonova, T. Ilchenko and other scholars have studied the possibilities of implementing and problems in the development of Internet marketing in the activities of agricultural enterprises. This actualizes the need to solve theoretical and methodological problems to substantiate the development of Internet marketing in agricultural enterprises. The aim of the study is to formulate theoretical and methodological foundations and practical recommendations for the development of marketing activities of agricultural enterprises on the basis of the introduction of digital marketing technologies. The methodological basis of the study is the fundamental provisions of modern marketing theory, the theory of Internet marketing development, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of development and implementation of Internet marketing in agricultural enterprises, the method of extrapolation, statistical and empirical research. The monograph systematically substantiates the theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of marketing activities of agricultural enterprises on the basis of the introduction of digital marketing technologies. The formulated scientific provisions and conclusions will contribute to the further development of the theory and practice of developing the marketing activities of agricultural enterprises through the use of digital marketing technologies. The methodological and methodological approaches proposed in the paper are used for calculations and model development. This allows determining how effective the use of Internet marketing technologies is for agricultural enterprises.

The study was undertaken in Kumaon division of Uttarakhand state of India with the objective of estimating technical efficiency in milk production across different herd-size category households and factors influencing it. Total of 60 farm households having representation from different herd-size categories drawn from six randomly selected villages of plain and hilly regions of the division constituted the ultimate sampling units of the study. Stochastic frontier production function analysis was used to estimate the technical efficiency in milk production. Multivariate regression equations were fitted taking technical efficiency index as the regressand to identify the factors significantly influencing technical efficiency in milk production. The study revealed that variation in output across farms in the study area was due to difference in their technical efficiency levels. However, it was interesting to note that smallholder producers were more technically efficient in milk production than their larger counterparts, especially in the plains. Apart from herd size, intensity of market participation had significant and positive impact on technical efficiency in the plains. This provides definite indication that increasing the level of commercialization of dairy farms would have beneficial impact on their production efficiency.

Introduction. The topic is relevant because, under the conditions of economic sanctions and instability in international markets, Russia needs to develop its own production of milk and dairy products to reduce dependence on imports and ensure food security. The article analyzes the prospects of milk and dairy production in Russia’s food markets. Materials and methods. The study materials were periodicals and conference abstracts on trends in the development of the dairy industry and dairy cattle breeding in Russia. Research methods were abstract-logical, monographic, calculative-constructive, comparative, and statistical analysis. Results. According to FAO data on milk production results in 2020, Russia is in 7th place. In Russia, about 20 thousand agricultural organizations of various forms of ownership with a population of 3.1 million cows are engaged in milk production. In 2021, milk production in all categories of farms amounted to 32.3 million tons, more than 100 thousand tons (+0.3%) compared to the production level of 2020. In the structure of milk production, agricultural organizations account for 55.5%, peasant (farmer) farms – 8.8%, and households – 35.7%. Among the leading regions in milk production is the Volga Federal District. It accounts for almost a third of the total volume of the product – about 9.5 million tons. The Ministry of Agriculture provides a set of state support measures to stimulate milk production and processing. In 2020, its total volume exceeded 38 billion rubles. In 2021, a comparable level of support volume was provided. In addition, as a stimulus measure during the pandemic period, 10.6 billion rubles were provided to agrarians to reimburse the cost of purchasing fodder for dairy cattle. The key reference point for the industry is the doctrine of food security. Conclusion. The production of milk and dairy products in the food markets of Russia and the world has significant prospects. Russia has an opportunity to develop the export of dairy products, especially to the CIS countries and the Asia-Pacific region, which can become an additional source of income for producers.