Characteristics of adults’ dreams in the perspective of the concept of passivity in terms of transactional analysis

This study investigates the relationship between passivity strategies in transactional analysis and users’ susceptibility to cyber threats. The main research problem concerned identifying which passive strategies are most strongly associated with risky online behaviours. The study was conducted in Poland using the CAWI method on a sample of 357 adults. Two tools were employed: the Passivity Questionnaire (Pierzchała, 2024) and the author’s experimental Cyberthreat Susceptibility Questionnaire (Łęski, 2024). The results revealed statistically significant correlations between the strategies of Overadaptation and Doing Nothing and susceptibility to cyber threats, partially confirming the hypothesis that all forms of passivity increase risk. A positive relationship was also found between the Violence strategy and displaying one’s private life on social media, which may indicate reduced sensitivity to privacy and a link to sharenting. These findings highlight the importance of psychological factors in cybersecurity and may inform preventive and educational initiatives aimed at strengthening users’ digital self-protection competences.

Irritations often arise in intergenerational ties. Middle-aged individuals report that their relationships with adult children are more important and more negative than ties with aging parents. However, it is unclear whether midlife individuals use different interpersonal conflict strategies with adult children compared to aging parents, and whether the strategies used have implications for psychological well-being. This study examined middle-aged individuals' reports of conflict strategies with their adult children and their aging parents and their own depressive symptoms. Participants were from the Family Exchanges Study; middle-aged adults (N = 365, ages 45 to 66 years) reported on the conflict strategies used with each of their adult children and their aging parents. Models revealed that middle-aged individuals use more active strategies (e.g., discussing problems) with their adult children than their aging parents. In contrast, individuals used more passive strategies (e.g., avoidance) with aging parents than adult children. Further, passive strategies used with adult children are associated with greater depressive symptoms. Findings are consistent with the intraindividual stake hypothesis and imply that conflict strategies used with adult children may be more consequential for psychological well-being than those used with aging parents.

The mountain environment is the combination system of the natural geography, biology, humanities, economy and technology. Changing any one of these factors has impact on the overall environment. Therefore, mountain building should require more on the ecological awareness. Traditional houses are affected by the local economy, resources, climate, technology and other factors. And the naturally formed passive ecological concept fit well with the low cost, low technology, low energy consumption, low pollution and ecological design principles that the international community have advocated. This paper puts forward the mountain building passive ecological strategy and design method through collecting, sorting and analyzing the eco-building experience of traditional houses in the Miao nationality villages in Guizhou province. It expects to offer some enlightenment of creating geographical environment friendly, low-tech, modern ecological buildings.

There is an ongoing global effort to advance emerging perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and many of these endeavours are focused on developing new compositions, processing methods and passivation strategies. In particular, the use of passivators to reduce the defects in perovskite materials has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for enhancing the photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of PSCs. Organic passivators have received increasing attention since the late 2010s as their structures and properties can readily be modified. First, this Review discusses the main types of defect in perovskite materials and reviews their properties. We examine the deleterious impact of defects on device efficiency and stability and highlight how defects facilitate extrinsic degradation pathways. Second, the proven use of different passivator designs to mitigate these negative effects is discussed, and possible defect passivation mechanisms are presented. Finally, we propose four specific directions for future research, which, in our opinion, will be crucial for unlocking the full potential of PSCs using the concept of defect passivation.

This article was previously published in the European Research Studies Journal, Volume XXIV, Issue 3B, 72-95, 2021, and we acknowledge with thanks the permission given by that journal to reproduce it here due to its TA content. Like IJTARP, the ESJR is a refereed open access publication. It covers a wide variety of topics in the fields of business and economics, and can be accessed at www.ersj.eu. We have used minimal editing, which has included formatting and English spelling. Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the research results based on the concept of passivity in accordance with the assumptions of transactional analysis – one of the psychotherapeutic modalities in the humanistic school of thought. Passivity is defined as behaviors that block constructive and solution-oriented actions. Design/Methodology/Approach: The main research methods included diagnostic surveys and questionnaire techniques. The study used the “Reality of an Educator” questionnaire by Anna Pierzchała (2013). 441 respondents provided their answers from Guatemala, Poland, the UK and Ukraine. The differences were identified using the Kruskal–Wallis test, the equivalent of a one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) that is commonly used for independent samples. Findings: The comparative cross-cultural research on teacher passive behaviours indicated significant educational differences between countries. The lowest levels of passivity were reported in Guatemala [1] and the highest in Ukraine. The Hofstede Model of Cultural Dimensions enabled the authors to outline some generic tendencies concerning passive behaviours in the countries studied. Individually reported levels of passivity were bridged with cultural determinants resulting from teachers’ social functioning. Practical Implications: The study offers some guidelines for tackling teacher passivity and identifies strategies of enhancing problem-solving skills. The most common passive behaviour across all countries was overadaptation, which underlined the importance of developing teachers’ awareness of interpersonal phenomena from the point of view of transactional analysis. Originality/Value: The research presented has not been carried out before and at this stage has an exploratory character, indicating certain inter-culturally declared patterns and at the same time determining areas for further investigation. Transactional analysis appears to be a useful theoretical construct in the design of cross-cultural comparative studies.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the research results based on the concept of passivity in accordance with the assumptions of transactional analysis – one of the psychotherapeutic modalities in the humanistic school of thought. Passivity is defined as behaviors that block constructive and solution-oriented actions. Design/Methodology/Approach: The main research methods included diagnostic surveys and questionnaire techniques. The study used the “Reality of an Educator” questionnaire by Anna Pierzchala (2013). 441 respondents provided their answers from the four countries mentioned above. The differences were identified using the Kruskal–Wallis test, the equivalent of a one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) that is commonly used for independent samples. Findings: The comparative cross-cultural research on teacher passive behaviours indicated significant educational differences between countries. The lowest levels of passivity were reported in Guatemala [1] and the highest in Ukraine. The Hofstede Model of Cultural Dimensions enabled to outline some generic tendencies concerning passive behaviours in the countries studied. Individually reported levels of passivity were bridged with cultural determinants resulting from teachers’ social functioning. Practical Implications: The study offers some guidelines for tackling teacher passivity and identifies strategies of enhancing problem-solving skills. The most common passive behaviour across all countries was overadaptation, which underlined the importance of developing teachers’ awareness of interpersonal phenomena from the point of view of transactional analysis. Originality/Value: The research presented has not been carried out before and at this stage has an exploratory character, indicating certain interculturally declared patterns and at the same time determining areas for further investigation. Transactional analysis appears to be a useful theoretical construct in the design of cross-cultural comparative studies.

This paper presents conclusions based on intercultural studies of the significance of passive strategies relating to the declared teachers’ needs as construed by transactional analysis. The study participants included 322 educators from Guatemala, the United Kingdom and Poland. The findings referred to Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, comparing individualism and collectivism. The study used a questionnaire, specifically the Educational Needs Questionnaire (ENQ) and the “Educator’s Reality” one. The study findings disclose connections consistent with Hofstede’s theory assumptions where the factor protecting teachers coming from the most collectivist culture worldwide (Guatemala) from passivity is the satisfaction of needs in a relationship with another human being (recognition hunger), while in the most individualistic cultures (the UK), this factor will be the satisfaction of individual needs not connected with relationships (structure hunger).

Lead‐free double‐perovskites offer high photo‐thermal stability, enhanced conductivity, and suitable bandgap‐tuning, making them excellent light absorbers for photovoltaic applications. However, abundant surface trap states in this promising family of materials drastically reduce the photovoltaic efficiencies, posing a significant bottleneck for their commercial applications to be used as active materials in devices. The use of capping ligands during synthesis has long been a widely‐acknowledged strategy for minimizing surface defect states. However, insights into the molecular‐level mechanism, particularly whether these ligands are more effective in sweeping out electron or hole trap states, remain elusive. To address this, oleylamine is employed as a surface capping ligand when synthesizing Cs 4 CuSb 2 Cl 12 (CCSC) nanocrystals. Based on structural and spectral characterization, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and electronic structure calculations, our in‐depth study demonstrates that oleylamine modifies structural, electronic, and optical properties of CCSC nanocrystals by exclusively passivating electron trap states, which significantly impacts hot carrier relaxation dynamics, and underscores the significance of defect passivation strategies in managing hot carrier cooling in CCSC nanocrystals, thereby offering a framework for developing high‐performance and durable perovskite optoelectronic devices. The concept of selective surface passivation paves the way to explore similar phenomena within broader classes of materials.

The use of design tools in architectural design is common place. Yet, in recent years the need has arisen to provide design tools to assist with the evaluating the energy usage of buildings. A number of tools are available for this type of work. Unfortunately, many of these tools are inappropriate for integration in the architectural design process. The research described here reports development work on a lighting, thermal and ventilation tool for use at the conceptual stage in the design process. The main contention is that this type of tool is crucial to effective passive low-energy design as it is difficult to integrate energy saving feature at later stages in the design process. Part of this work has necessitated a critique of the concept of the passive strategies for non-domestic buildings; this is an important element in assessing the energy contribution of the external environment to the building.

The article presents the characteristics of The Little Professor University programme, whose aim is to support the development of social skills of pre-school and early-school children. The programme’s assumptions are based on the theoretical constructs of transactional analysis. The main objective of the programme is the development of its participants’ autonomy and preventing the use of passive strategies the way TA understands them. The text shows both a theoretical framework of the project, its practical realisation, and a general evaluation analysis of the first meeting cycle.

The article is a report from the first stage of the research conducted by the authors and concerning human dreams. The aim of the study was to create a foundation for the characteristics of dreams from the point of view of perceiving the concept of passivity and activating ego states in the light of Transactional Analysis. The analyses were conducted in the qualitative paradigm, showing dream categories and presenting their dominance in particular research groups created in accordance to the participants’ sex, age, and the way of conducting the research, which is to constitute the foundation for further characteristics realised in the light of Transactional Analysis.