Characteristic of red eye related diseases of Han and Uygur population in Urumchi compared with Shanghai, China.

Redness of the eye is a common ophthalmic symptom. The problem causing redness could arise from within or outside the globe. These range from cases of simple inflammation following itching and minor trauma for example, to severe cases like orbital cellulitis and tumours. Patients may not even be aware of the redness. The aim of this study is to highlight the common causes of red eye as seen in an outpatient department in an ophthalmic set up. This should be of immense help to the general medical practitioners to whom the patients often first present. All patients presenting for the first time to Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital over a four month period were screened. 117 had red eyes and were recruited. 125 eyes were found to be red. The characteristics of the redness were then studied to determine the cause. There was a male preponderance, M : F of 2:1. Persons 45 years and below, were most commonly involved 88 (66.67%). The most frequent cause of red eye was trauma, in 48 (41.03%) patients, followed by allergic conjunctivitis in 29 (24.77%). The main causes of redness differed in different age groups and occupation. There was no case of angle closure glaucoma seen as a cause of redness. There are diverse causes of redness of the eye. Persons who are not eye specialists to whom patients with red eyes present first should be conversant with the causes, to know what action to take, especially when to refer to the eye specialist.

The red eye is one of the commonest reasons for presenting to the eye clinic. Red eye due to serious conditions that may threaten patient's vision require early detection and referral to ophthalmologists for prompt care. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and causes of red eye amongst patients' attending the eye clinic over a two year period from 2004 to 2005. The eye clinic register was used to determine the total number of new patients attending the eye clinic and those found to have red eye. The information retrieved included patients age, sex, laterality of the condition and cause of red eye. During the review period 4723 new patients were seen in the eye clinic and 693 patients (14.8%) had red eye. There were 356 males and 337 females (M:F= 1.1:1). Sixty three percent of the patients were below the age of 20 years. The common causes of red eye were allergic conjunctivitis in 40%, microbial conjunctivitis in 17%, corneal ulcer 11% and inflamed pterygium in 11%. Red eye is a common cause of presentation to the eye clinic. Most of the common causes of red eye in our environment are treatable.

Red eye is a common presentation in clinical practice with conjunctivitis being the most common cause of red eye. Most commonly, conjunctivitis is infective (bacterial and viral) or allergic in origin although other forms of conjunctivitis including toxic and irritative conjunctivitis and conjunctivitis related to systemic conditions or dry eye are prevalent enough to warrant consideration in diagnosis. This article aims to provide a guide for generalists and allergists in the differential diagnosis of conjunctivitis allowing the inclusion of eye treatment into their current practice. With a discussion of important aspects to include in the patient history as well as a systematic guide to examination of the eye for generalists and allergists, this article provides a "plan of action" in the examination protocol for red eye patients. A differential diagnosis table and flowchart are provided as a useful chair-side reference for practitioners. With a particular focus on the more prevalent types of conjunctivitis, typical features, signs, and symptoms of each type are detailed. A general discussion of prognosis and treatment options and conditions that require ophthalmologic referral is included.

PURPOSE:The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of teleexamination of red eye by a trained general practitioner (GP) compared to the gold standard (in-office consultation by an ophthalmologist).METHODS:This was a study of diagnostic accuracy. We included consecutive male or female patients aged ≥6 months who presented to a primary care clinic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with red eye. All the patients were initially evaluated by a trained GP using a standardized checklist and consulted virtually with an ophthalmologist. This was followed by an in-office eye examination conducted at a well-equipped ophthalmology clinic by a well-trained ophthalmologist. Data were analyzed using STATA 17.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA).RESULTS:A total of 54 patients with red eye presented to the primary care clinic during September–November 2021 and were initially examined virtually and then in-office. The mean age of the patients was 39.72 ± 21.70 years (range 5–90 years). Thirty-three patients (61.1%) were males. The most common cause of red eye was conjunctivitis (46.3%) followed by dry eye (31.5%). There was a significant association between viral conjunctivitis and age (P < 0.001), and between dry eye and age (P = 0.002). Tele eye examination accurately identified the etiology of red eye in all 54 patients.CONCLUSION:Telemedicine has the potential to correctly diagnose patients with red eye and can result in a substantial decrease in the number of people visiting the health-care centers.

Red eye is a common ocular presentation in primary care, and there are several challenges that healthcare practitioners may encounter when caring for such patients. The main ocular conditions that can give rise to red eye are: primary acute angle closure glaucoma, acute iritis, dry eye, blepharitis and conjunctivitis. Red eye can be classified as sight-threatening or non-sight-threatening. Many patients presenting with painless red eye and normal vision usually recover well. However, when red eye is associated with pain, photophobia, watering and blurred vision, it is potentially sight-threatening and must be addressed urgently. Therefore, it is vital for healthcare practitioners to be able to undertake a careful assessment of the patient and make an accurate diagnosis early. This article provides an overview of the common causes of red eye encountered in general practice or an eye clinic. It discusses the nurse's role in the care and management of patients with red eye, with reference to patient assessment, the skills required to make an accurate diagnosis, treatment and health promotion.

To describe dry eye disease in French elderly subjects. The Alienor Study is a population-based study on age-related eye disease in 963 residents of Bordeaux (France), aged 73 years or more. Self-reported dry eye disease and use of artificial tears were documented through face-to-face interview. Dry eye symptoms were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and tear film stability by tear break-up time measurements (TBUT). Definite dry eye disease was defined as self-reported dry eye, confirmed by use of artificial tears and/or OSDI greater or equal to 22. Nine hundred and fifteen subjects, with mean age of 80 ± 4 years, returned the OSDI questionnaire. Of these, 271 (29.6%) subjects reported a dry eye disease and 135 (14.7%) were using artificial tears. An OSDI score > 22 was found in 359 (39.2%) subjects and a TBUT < 5 seconds in 335/746 (44.9%) subjects. Overall, definite dry eye affected 21.9% of subjects and was more frequent in women (27.1%) than in men (13.6%). After multivariate adjustment, dry eye disease was also significantly less frequent in subjects with high educational level (odds ratio (OR) = 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31-0.78 for long secondary school) and more frequent in subjects with ocular hypertension (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02-2.57) and those using anxiolytics (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.02-2.29). This large observational study confirmed the high prevalence of dry eye symptoms among elderly subjects and confirmed some of the previously identified risk factors (in particular female gender and use of anxiolytics).

The red eye is a clinical problem that is encountered regularly in most primary healthcare settings. A wide spectrum of diseases may cause a red eye. Fortunately, most are relatively benign, but many potentially sight-threatening conditions may manifest in a similar way. From the history and examination, the primary care physician must be able to differentiate between features that make primary care treatment possible and high-risk features that necessitate immediate referral. This article includes a discussion on features that distinguish benign from sight-threatening causes of red eye. Unilateral red eye, pain (a deep ache), deep redness, decreased visual acuity and photophobia signify more sinister causes. The red eye has an extensive differential diagnosis. Some of the common causes are conjunctivitis, subconjunctival haemorrhage, episcleritis, scleritis, anterior uveitis and acute glaucoma. Generally, patients who present with red eye can be divided into two groups: those who can be treated at primary care level and those who need secondary or tertiary level care. Other distinguishing features include a pattern to the redness, the type of discharge, the presence of increased lacrimation and photophobia, as well as corneal haze. However, these are not always easily employed as differentiating factors. Therefore, this article lists specific and basic features which can be used to identify the various causes of the red eye.

Aim: To investigate the dry eye syndrome (DES) among patients with red eye. Materials and Methods: This is hospital-based, cross-sectional, case control study. We selected about 100 patients with red eye and 100 patients without red eye (control group) from the same area. A complete eye examination was performed including Schirmer's test and fluorescein staining. Results: The study showed that symptoms and signs in the DES patients with red eye is greatly higher than in patients without red eye (P = 0.001). The prevalence of dry eye in patients with red eye is 32% and in patients without red eye is 40%. Conclusion: Red DES is an advanced stage of DES and it reflects the severity of the DES. Schirmer's test and fluorescein staining are important diagnostic tests for dry eye and hence, they should be included in the routine examination especially in red eye patients.

Introduction: Red eye is one of the most common reasons why patients present at the eye clinic. It may be due to a nonvision-threatening ocular condition or vision-threatening one. It may also be a symptom of a life-threatening condition, and improper diagnosis and appropriate management may result in ocular morbidity or mortality. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on patients who presented to the eye clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi with complaints and features of the red eye. Patients who presented with red eyes from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2013 were reviewed. The information retrieved from the patients' records ranged from sociodemographic to causes of red eye. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18. Results: Totally, 2623 patients presented on account of red eye during the 3 years study period. There were 1425 (54.3%) males and 1198 (45.7%) females. The majority of the patients were children age group 0-15 years (39.6%) followed by age group 16-31 years (32.8%). The major causes of red eye in our study were due to ocular allergy 1288 (49.1%), microbial conjunctivitis 293 (11.2%), and ocular trauma 286 (10.9%). Conclusion: Ocular allergy accounts for almost half of cases of red eye seen in this population and majority of cases of red eye were found in children. Priority attention should, therefore, be given to ocular allergy to mitigate school absenteeism that may result from red eye.

Aim: Red eye, a frequent cause of presentations to ophthalmology clinics, is an important indicator of ocular inflammation. Although the prognosis is generally good and self-limiting, it is possible to distinguish possible serious conditions and prevent important situations such as blindness, with detailed examination and correct treatment approach. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients with red eye presenting to the eye diseases clinic in terms of clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Material-method: The records of patients presenting to the Şanlıurfa Harran University Hospital Ophthalmology Clinic with red eye were investigated retrospectively. Diseases causing red eye were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) coding system. Demographic characteristics such as age and sex and clinical findings were examined. Data were evaluated using number and percentage tests. Results: A total of 2625 patients, 1775 males (67.61%) and 850 females (32.38%), who presented with red eyes, were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 36.46±18.24 years. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis, the most frequently observed condition in patients presenting due to red eye, was 15.08% (n=396). The most common cause of red eye resulting in decreased vision and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) was acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG). The most common symptom was stinging-burning (70.36%), and the most frequent finding was follicular hyperplasia (74.17%). Five hundred and seventy-one (21.75%) patients who applied to the clinic with red eye had previously applied to a family physician and 289 patients (11.0%) to an emergency physician. Conclusion: Although prognosis is usually good in red eye, and the condition is self-limiting, the detection of serious conditions through a detailed history, examination, and therapeutic approach can be enhanced with early and appropriate intervention. In addition to family physicians and emergency physicians, the first to examine patients with red eye, important morbidities such as blindness can also be prevented by increasing the awareness of ophthalmologists and cooperation between these.

Background: Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and dry eye disease (DED) frequently affect the ocular surface and often present with overlapping symptoms. Quantitative tear film assessments, including the tear film break-up time (TBUT) and Schirmer’s test, play a crucial role in diagnosing DED among individuals with AC. Objective: To assess the prevalence of DED in AC patients using TBUT and Schirmer’s test and analyze its association with demographic factors and AC severity. Materials and Methods: This study followed a cross-sectional design involving 80 patients with AC visiting at ophthalmology outpatient clinic. Participants were assessed using TBUT and Schirmer’s tests, and demographic and clinical data were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive methods, Chi-square tests, and Pearson’s correlation. Results: Tear film abnormalities were observed in 42% (TBUT) and 38% (Schirmer’s test). Combined dysfunction was most prevalent in severe AC cases (75%). Female patients were more affected (62.5%), with tear dysfunction increasing with age. Conclusion: The findings reveal a significant occurrence of tear film dysfunction among patients with AC, underlining the necessity of integrating objective diagnostic tools into regular clinical practice.

Red eye is a common symptom that presents in primary care practice, and may be accompanied by pain, irritation, or discharge. It is a sign of ocular inflammation, often involving the anterior segment of the eye. Most causes of red eye are benign; however, the primary care physician must identify when urgent referral to an ophthalmologist is required. This may be achieved through targeted questioning regarding the chronicity, intensity of pain, vision changes, and associated symptoms. The following article outlines an approach to identifying the cause of red eye using history and physical exam findings. Common features of red eye disorders and their respective treatment modalities are discussed.

We reviewed recent findings on in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) of the ocular surface in dry eye and related diseases. In dry eye disease, IVCM allows for corneal structure evaluation at the cellular level and is frequently used in diagnosis, disease course follow-up, and management. IVCM also enables a detailed examination of variations, such as abnormal hyperreflexia keratocytes and inflammatory cells, altered corneal superficial cell density, and basal cell density. In addition, several cellular alterations in ocular surface diseases have been detected using IVCM. Many studies have used IVCM to evaluate qualitative and quantitative changes in the corneal nerves associated with dry eye disease, enabling characterization of the morphology, density, and disease or surgically induced alterations of the subbasal nerve plexus. IVCM is a valuable and promising complementary method for clinical diagnosis and follow-up in dry eye and related diseases.

Eye pain in preschool children: Diagnostic and prognostic significance

A survey amongst ophthalmologists and general medical practitioners from nine countries in Eastern Europe and the Middle East was conducted to estimate the percentage of patients presenting with a red eye and to examine differential diagnosis and treatment. Practitioners recorded brief details of every patient seen and detailed information concerning signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis and treatment for all patients presenting with a red eye during 20 consecutive days in the period between May and September 2004. Red eyes accounted for approximately 15% of consultations with ophthalmologists and almost 6% with general medical practitioners. Allergic conjunctivitis was the most common diagnosis (35%), followed by dry eye (25%) and bacterial conjunctivitis (24%). General medical practitioners were far more likely to prescribe a combination topical antibiotic and steroid preparation than ophthalmologists. This survey illustrates that red eye remains a very important problem for both ophthalmologists and general medical practitioners. Identification of dry eye as a common cause of red eye symptoms and more appropriate treatment of dry eye, allergic conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis are key messages to emerge.