Abstract
Nonlinear processes in integrated, guiding systems are fundamental for both classical and quantum experiments. Integrated components allow for compact, modular and stable light-processing systems and as such their use in real-world systems continues to expand. In order to use these devices in the most demanding applications, where efficiency and/or spectral performance are critical, it is important that the devices are fully optimised. In order to achieve these optimisations, it is first necessary to gain a thorough understanding of current fabrication limits and their impact on the devices’ final performance. In this paper we investigate the current fabrication limits of titanium indiffused lithium niobate waveguides produced using a masked photolithographic method. By dicing a long (∼8 cm) sample into smaller pieces and recording the resulting phase matching spectra, the fabrication error present in the UV photolithographic process is characterised. The retrieved imperfections fit well with theoretical expectations and from the measured imperfection profile it is shown that one can directly reconstruct the original distorted phase matching spectrum. Therefore, our measurements directly quantify the intrinsic limitations of the current standard UV photolitographically produced titanium-indiffused lithium niobate waveguides.
Highlights
Guiding systems fabricated in nonlinear materials are employed in a wide variety of contexts for both classical and quantum applications
The inhomogeneity present in titanium indiffused lithium niobate (Ti):LN waveguides produced via UV photolithograpy was characterised by investigating the performance of a type 0 SHG process in these waveguides
S1, L = 10 mm seven waveguides was measured for the full-length sample (83mm) and for each resulting smaller section as ∼10mm-long pieces were cut from the ends of the initial sample
Summary
Guiding systems fabricated in nonlinear materials are employed in a wide variety of contexts for both classical and quantum applications. In comparison to bulk systems, guiding systems provide simple integration into fiber networks and provide a tighter spatial mode confinement, which generally strengthens the nonlinear interaction Such systems are already in use in a myriad of classical applications, for example in second harmonic and sum frequency generation (SHG/SFG) to efficiently produce light in spectral ranges otherwise inaccessible [1, 2, 3]. In [15], a destructive approach was used to reconstruct the variation of the fabrication parameters of a photonic crystal fibre (PCF) In this method, the sample under analysis is diced into smaller sections and the phasematching of each section is used to infer the local properties of the system. From the measured waveguide inhomogeneities, we are able to reconstruct the original phasematching of the sample
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