Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs) constitute the largest chordate brain/gut peptide family featured by the C-terminal consensus, Phe–Xaa–Gly–Leu–Met–NH2. Mammals possess four TKs: substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), and endokinin/hemokinin encoded by three TK genes, namely, tac1, tac3 (tac2 in rodents), and tac4. Non-mammalian vertebrates conserve at least tac1 and tac3. In teleosts, two TAC3 subtypes, encoding NKB and additional teleost-specific TK, NKF, have been characterized. A protochordate, Ciona intestinalis, also conserves an authentic single TK, the prototype of vertebrate TK. These peptides are responsible for a wide variety of biological events and pathophysiological processes, including nociception, neural communication, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, via activation of the three TK receptors NK1, -2, and -3.
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