Abstract
This chapter provides various aspects of environmental cost accounting principles. The payback period of an investment is a measure of how long it takes to break even on the cost of that investment. The time value of money (TVM) takes into consideration the total time for which the principal was tied up into the investment. TVM formulas give the most accurate ROI calculation possible and are used by large investors and lending institutions to evaluate capital expenditures and investment alternatives. The benefit-to-cost (B/C) ratio is determined by taking the total present value of all financial benefits of an air pollution control project and dividing it by the total present value of all the costs of the project. The present value of net benefits shows the worth of a project in terms of a present-value sum. Pilot or plant trials can incur significant up-front costs from production down times, personnel, monitoring equipment, laboratory measurements, engineering design time, and consultant-time charges.
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