Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an effective thermochemical and environmentally friendly process with potential to produce a solid fuel with a high energy density depending on the feedstock (type and solid content) and operational conditions used (temperature and residence time). This solid product could play an essential part in reducing dependency on fossil fuels and could have potential uses as a precursor for activated carbon to be used as an adsorbent (wastewater remediation and air purification), soil improver, in methane and hydrogen storage, catalyst support, and energy storage (Li/Na ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells). On the other hand, HTC generates an aqueous stream (process water), which contains high concentrations of organic matter and relative abundance of nutrients (N, P, and K). The HTC process water can be valorized by anaerobic digestion for methane production or be directly used as a fertilizer. This chapter collects the recent progress in HTC technology research, focused mainly on biomass residues and sewage sludge, and the potential application of the solid and aqueous phases.
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