Abstract
Structures near liquid surfaces have intrigued researchers from various disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology for more than a century. Unlike solid surfaces, liquid surfaces cannot be tilted. Moreover, capillary wave fluctuations make the roughness of liquid surfaces much larger compared with solid surfaces. These two limitations have restricted the measurements of liquid surfaces/interfaces using conventional X-ray scattering setups. It is only the availability of high-brilliance synchrotron radiation which has enabled the development of X-ray scattering methods capable of determining structures near liquid surfaces with subnanometer level resolution. This chapter presents a brief overview of several liquid surface X-ray scattering techniques and their applications in interfacial chemistry and biology.
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