Abstract
This chapter introduces primary treatment principles and units. Traditionally, sedimentation tanks have been designed on the basis of overflow rate, weir loading rate, and hydraulic retention time. The loading rate method and general tank design principles are outlined. The following design parameters are explained: settling velocity, horizontal velocity, and time ratio. In an ideal tank, the ratio of effective flow-through time to effective settling time would be one. In practice, the effective flow-through time is reduced. The economics of construction as a function of design details for both rectangular and circular settling tanks is highlighted. A good understanding of hydraulic losses is advocated. Details for various types of sedimentation tanks are presented: storm, primary sedimentation, quiescent, rectangular horizontal flow, Imhoff flow, radial flow, and secondary sedimentation tanks. Finally, the role of sedimentation aids is explained. After studying this chapter, readers should appreciate different primary treatment units and related design principles.
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