Chapter 6 - Mononuclear hydrocarbons carrying nuclear substituents containing sulphur: Sulphonic Acids, Sulphinic Acids and Sulphenyl Compounds of the Benzene Series

Abstract

This chapter contains mononuclear hydrocarbons carrying nuclear substituents containing sulfur: Sulfonic Acids, Sulfinic Acids and Sulfenyl Compounds of the Benzene Series. Hydrocarbons of the aromatic series can be readily converted into sulfonic acids by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid and other sulfonating agents. Direct sulfonation, Indirect sulfonation are general methods of formation of arenesulfonic acids. Replacement of the sulfonyl group; by hydroxyl, by nitrile, by carboxyl, by amino groups and by halogen are studied under general properties and reactions. Sulfonyl fluorides and chlorides can be prepared by reaction of the aromatic compound with an excess of fluoro or chloro sulfonic acid. This is one of six ways to obtain sulfonyl halides. Similar processes of obtaining sulfonic anhydrides; sulfonamides; esters of arenesulfonic acids; individual arenesulfonic acids; and acids with the sulfonic group in the side chain are detailed. Disproportionation ; oxidation and reduction; alkylation; reactions of halogens; addition compounds; sulfinyl chlorides; sulfinyl sulfones; sulfinyl esters; arenesulfinamides; sulfines; and individual arenesulfnic acids are some properties and reactions of arenesulfinic acids. The concluding part of the chapter contains a study of arenethiolsulfonic acids and arenethiolsulfinic acids.