Abstract
This chapter examines some of the DEA models that incorporate bad output. The main purpose is to provide a range of models so that readers can appreciate the complexities involved in modelling DEA to incorporate bad outputs. Such models include Seiford and Zhu (2002) transformation approach, Zhou et al. (2008) Environmental DEA model, Tone's SBM with bad outputs model and Chung et al. (1997) Malmquist–Luenberger model. The first of the three models focus on cross-sectional analysis, whereas the fourth is a longitudinal analysis. The measurement of each of these models and the associated R scripts, as well as the interpretation of their results, are presented.
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