Abstract
Aquaculture is the production of aquatic animals for human food. In aquaculture, aquatic animals are grown under water in an aquatic environment. The water may be a sheltered oceanic bay containing pens of aquatic organisms, or the aquatic organisms may be raised in inland ponds or in a tank system. Chemical causes of disease in aquatic organisms are generally linked to water and food because the primary pathways of toxic substances to animals in aquaculture systems are generally feedstuffs and water. Residues of metals and persistent organic compounds can occur. Water safety issues are linked to the chemical cause of disease in aquatic organisms. In pond- and tank-reared animals, the operator controls the aquatic environment. This requires monitoring of water for levels of toxic substances and ensuring that natural drainage of surface water does not introduce toxic substances to the aquaculture system. Multiple uses of limited water resources continue to present challenges to water resources available to the aquaculture industry. Water availability and economics are incentives to increase animal numbers per volume of water. Increased animal densities increase the demands on water safety for aquatic animals, and increase the need for research on water recirculation systems.
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