Abstract

Neuroscience promises to significantly reduce the incidence and severity of addictive drug use and the harm that it causes by providing more effective and better targeted treatment of addiction. Proponents argue that an increased understanding of the neurobiological basis of drug addiction will also lend support for more humane social policies. These policies will recognize that addiction is a neuropsychiatric condition that should be treated therapeutically, leading to increased investment in addiction research and treatment.Optimism about the benefits of understanding the neurobiological basis of addiction needs to be tempered by more critical considerations. Overly simplistic interpretations of what this kind of approach reveals about addiction could result in less welcome consequences, especially if inappropriate use is made of emerging neurotechnologies, such as the coerced use of naltrexone implants, population-wide vaccination programs against addiction, or the promotion of heroic “cures” for addiction, such as neurosurgery and deep brain stimulation. This chapter examines both the potentially welcome and unwelcome uses of neurobiological research of addiction, with the aims of maximizing the benefits while minimizing any unanticipated harms.

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