Abstract
Mining operations has been carried out to meet our energy needs and mineral resources. After completing the mining activities for a certain period, the reclamation aspects of abandoned and orphaned mine sites are challenging worldwide. Bio and phytoremediation (phytostabilization and phytoextraction) are proven technologies that have been deployed globally for remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD) and metal-contaminated soils/mines, respectively. Globally, >520 hyperaccumulators including short rotation coppices (SRC) have been identified for remediation of metal-contaminated soils/mine sites. In recent years, molecular tools, “omics” approaches, genetic engineering aspects, especially gene manipulation and genome editing strategies (next generation sequencing, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 system, and transcription activator-like effector nuclease) are currently imply to increase the metal tolerance ability and biomass of SRCs. However, an “integrated soil restoration approach” is need for the hour to explore the unraveling mechanism of rhizosphere and plant engineering to augment the mine site revegetation. In this chapter, the various biotechnological tools for metal/metalloid uptake, translocation, and vacuolar sequestration of ideal plants/trees as well as modern high-throughput genetic engineering strategies adapted for remediation of AMDs and mine sites are discussed.
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