Abstract
Diabetes mellitus refers to chronic hyperglycemia caused by abnormalities in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Despite the fact that type 2 diabetes mellitus is more prevalent, both types of diabetes are life-threatening conditions. Correspondingly, in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, various metabolic pathways are altered which alters the glucose uptake, use, and storage. In this text, we discussed the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, various signaling pathways altered such as Insulin, AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory process during insulin resistance. In addition, we explored the molecular mechanism underlying oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus viz a viz: glucose oxidation pathway, advanced glycation end product formation, hexosamine and polyol pathways. Understanding the various biochemical pathways involved in diabetes mellitus is essential to target various metabolites for pharmacological intervention that can enhance the survival and restoration of major organs like the liver, kidney, and eyes of people with both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
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