Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a mechanical head injury that results in brain damage and impaired sensation. The severity of TBI is measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale. TBI consists of two distinct phases: primary and secondary injuries. Primary injuries cause focal and diffuse damage and typically result in necrotic cell loss, whereas secondary injuries are more associated with apoptosis. Immediate management of TBI involves maintaining normal breathing and circulation; serious complications require surgical interventions. Cognitive impairments that occur after TBI are caused by the loss of neurons and synapses through shearing forces that sever axons, activation of apoptotic cascades, glutamate excitotoxicity, alterations in neurotrophic signaling, and impaired astrocytic support. TBI may also be a risk factor for development of Alzheimer’s disease, because these two neurodegenerative states share many common pathologies.
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