Abstract
Over half a century ago, chromium, as the trivalent ion, was proposed to be an essential element; however, chromium currently can only be considered pharmacologically active. Chromium has been marketed as a body-mass–reducing and muscle development agent; however, such marketing claims are no longer allowed in the United States because these claims are not supported by experiments. The chromium compound in the most popular chromium-containing nutritional supplements has been suggested to be toxic when given orally to mammals; however, the toxicity is dependent on the form of administration, so that chromium supplements cannot be considered toxic when orally administered. Trivalent Cr has also been proposed as a therapeutic agent to increase insulin sensitivity and affect lipid metabolism. Although effective in certain rodent models, beneficial effects in humans have not been unequivocally established, and a molecular mechanism for such actions in animal models has not been established.
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