Abstract
The oceans provide a unique environment for long-haul communication systems. Unlike the terrestrial systems, each design starts with a clean slate with no legacy cables, repeater huts, or rights–of–way in place and includes few international standards for limiting the design. An overview of concepts for the design of long-haul transmission systems based on optical amplifier repeaters and the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques has been provided in the chapter. It is noted that important strides are made in areas of dispersion management, gain equalization, and modulation formats, which have made possible the demonstration of capacities exceeding 2 TB/s on a single fiber. The history of undersea cable, the amplified transmission line, the dispersion and nonlinearity management, the transmission formats, the measures of system performance, the error correcting codes, the polarization effects, the long–haul system design, the experimental techniques, and the future trends in long-haul optical transmission systems has also been described in the chapter. It is noted that a significant increase in the data transmission capacity of single-mode fiber can occur owing to the wider bandwidth amplifiers and the improvements in spectral efficiency.
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