Abstract
The remediation of soil and water containing heavy metals can be highly complicated due to several factors such as their composition, climatic condition, and the mobility/distribution of species in both solid and liquid phases. The diffusion of heavy metals into soil minerals and water is based on the concentration and solubility of the metals present. This chapter aimed to provide readers with an in-depth understanding of the health and environmental effects of heavy metals in soils and surface water, the effects of climatic change in heavy metals mobility, and remediation techniques. In the last two decades, researchers have used various techniques in the mass transfer of metals species from solid to liquid phase, and vice versa, which includes sorption/desorption, oxidation–reduction; precipitation–dissolution reactions, microbiological indices, chemical speciation, and sequential extraction have been used for the removal of heavy metals from soil and water. In this regard, a comprehensive investigation was done on the previous and recent/novel technologies in heavy metals remediation from soil and water to reverse the environmental damages caused by these minerals. Furthermore, research gaps and future directions in selecting suitable treatment techniques based on appropriateness, eco-friendly and cost-effectiveness on soil and surface water contamination by heavy metals are also proposed.
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