Abstract
The immune system has been shown to play a central part in the control of cancer. A number of recent studies have revealed that favorable prognosis is directly correlated to the extent of tumor infiltrating cytotoxic T cells. The potential of immunotherapy for cancer is however limited by various immunosuppressive escape mechanisms present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockades and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, has proven to be a great clinical success for many cancer patients. Anticancer vaccines, one of the earliest immunotherapy strategies, have however minimal clinical efficacy, which highlights the challenges faced by bioengineers for improving their antitumor immune responses while limiting associated side effects. Bioengineering innovative solutions has the potential to tackle these challenges by enhancing the codelivery of antigens and adjuvants, manipulating antigen presenting cells, increasing their homing toward lymphatic organs, and inducing potent antitumor immunity.
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