Abstract

In living systems, proteins are organized and oriented to deliver signals with precision and specificity. Protein components are widely incorporated into tissue engineering constructs. This chapter discusses how we can integrate signaling proteins into tissue engineering to optimize bioreaction specificity and signal-to-noise. The two major sections of this review article address (1) techniques to measure protein orientation, and (2) methods for orienting proteins to deliver cell communication signals better. Analytical methods briefly described here are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, sum frequency generation, surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, and atomic force microscopy. Methods for orienting, controlling, and stabilizing proteins described in this chapter include histidine residue tags, collagen type I, lipid bilayer methods, streptavidin, and hydroxyapatite.

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