Abstract
Depletion of fossil fuels and change in climate are the main reasons behind hydrogen production technologies. In this chapter, we discuss many conventional and advanced hydrogen production technologies using various energy sources, such as fossil fuels, biomass, thermal, coal, wind, and solar. An overall comparison of different technologies with technical, environmental, and economic backgrounds shows that steam methane reforming (SMR), gasification, membrane reactor technologies, thermochemical processes, and solar energy technologies, such as photoelectrolysis, photoelectrochemical, photochemical, photocatalytic, artificial photosynthesis, and semiconducting-based photocatalytic have a high potential to become future processes at commercial scale for H2 production. In semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting, processes affecting the activity and efficiency of H2 production include solar light absorption, band edges, the transformation of charges, separation of charge carriers, and the activity of a cocatalyst involved in the reaction process. In this regard, several engineering strategies investigate to enhance H2 production, including bandgap engineering, cocatalyst engineering, interface engineering, micro/nano-engineering, and more. In this chapter, we provide a summary of conventional technologies with comparison and advanced technologies for hydrogen production. Moreover, we discussed some potential opportunities to overcome challenges and limitation in these technologies.
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