Abstract
Engineering components are normally subjected to a range of externally applied normal and shear stresses. However, there exists an element (in any component) in a highly specific orientation such that the only resultant stresses are normal stresses. These are known as principal stresses. Similarly, there exist principal strains in a unique element on which only normal strains are imposed. For any failure analysis of materials, whether ductile or brittle, the principal stresses are required as they represent the maximum and minimum stresses, or the maximum differential stress values.
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