Abstract
This chapter investigates the state of the art of district heating (and cooling) in Europe (volumes of energy, localization, state of the installation, level of performance) as well as the technologies, measures, and examples of projects which have the potential to increase the performance of district heating. In this context, this chapter also discusses the integration of renewable sources into district heating networks, taking into account regional specificities. For the further development and use of district heating in the EU, taking into account the energy and climate policy objectives, the following three recommendations are of relevance: (1) District heating must become more climate-friendly; (2) efficiency gains must be considered holistically taking into account all stages of the district heating value chain; and (3) the transition to a smart district heating and cooling system should be conceptualized, developed, and implemented.
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