Abstract
Urine and stool are rich sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from metabolism, excretion (by-) products, gut bacteria, and potentially disease manifestation. Stool samples provide a direct route to assessing the microbiome and dysbiosis due to disease. Many studies have been undertaken to explore fecal VOCs for a range of disease states including colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and infectious diseases. Urine samples are easily obtained, and although VOCs are less prevalent and at lower concentrations compared to stool, many recent studies have focused on urine analysis. In relation to disease, urine VOCs have been used in various studies to distinguish not only urological cancers but also colorectal cancer, IBD, and a range of other disease states. This chapter details advances in the analysis of VOCs from urine and stool and their possible uses as markers of disease.
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