Abstract
The rotational properties of the radiation field are carried along in the process of quantization. If the photon is regarded as a particle, its spin vector can be oriented either parallel or antiparallel to its momentum vector. Zero-point energy is the characteristic of the harmonic oscillator. For the radiation field as a whole with an infinite number of modes, the zero-point energy becomes infinite. This is one of the peculiarities of the quantum–mechanical description of the radiation field. When no photons are present, the fluctuations in the field strengths are responsible for the infinite zero-point energy. Operators for the various multipole transitions are irreducible tensors; therefore, the selection rules are obtained directly from the Wigner–Eckart theorem.
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