Abstract
Diabetes is associated with premature death, primarily through cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data from preclinical and ecological studies suggest fish and fish oil may reduce diabetes incidence and CVD development. Metaanalyses of prospective cohort studies have shown that fish and fish oils may be protective against the development of type 2 diabetes in Asian populations, yet not necessarily in Western ones. For CVD risk, metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials indicate a significant triglyceride lowering effect for fish and fish oil, and possibly a tendency to raise LDL by a small amount. Recent studies with type 2 diabetics indicate that fish and fish oil may improve endothelial function. Some of the heterogeneity in the results with fish and fish oil in diabetes may be explained by substantial variation in the experimental design, including choice of study population, amount of fish, and fish oil administered as well as continually improving standards of care.
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