Abstract
Initially, breeding programs relied solely on phenotypic observation for selection as learning about genetics would take more time. The time constraint issue with conventional breeding was resolved by molecular marker-assisted breeding. The efficient and effective use of molecular markers in crop improvement programs increases the effectiveness of selection accuracy and speeds up the breeding cycle to create new cultivars with desirable traits. To increase the efficacy and efficiency of selection in breeding operations, marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a method where a trait of interest is selected based on a molecular marker related to a trait of interest. MAS has made significant advancements in the field of abiotic and biotic stress management during the past two decades, which have been vital to crop improvements.
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