Abstract
The present chapter focus on the remote sensing of the upper atmosphere (ionosphere and magnetosphere) using very low frequency (VLF) waves. The probing potential of narrowband as well as broadband VLF waves to study the ionospheric, plasmaspheric, and magnetospheric plasma parameters are described mainly over the low latitude region. In this chapter, an attempt is made to show the effectiveness of VLF narrowband signal (from navigational VLF transmitters operating at fixed frequency spread across the globe) in the remote sensing of the D-region of the ionosphere during various dynamical geophysical events (e.g., solar flares, solar eclipse, geomagnetic storm, lightning, thunderstorm, transient luminous events, and earthquakes) having sources both from above and below of D-region ionosphere. Along with narrowband, the chapter also focused on the broadband VLF waves generated from lightning discharges like sferics, tweeks, whistlers, and VLF emissions are also described as a probing tool to study ionospheric and magnetospheric parameters over the low latitude regions.
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